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A Review on the Use of Burning Rate Suppressants in AP-Based Composite Propellants
Propellants, Explosives, Pyrotechnics ( IF 1.7 ) Pub Date : 2021-05-28 , DOI: 10.1002/prep.202000327 Shuang Xu 1, 2 , Ai‐Min Pang 2 , Yue Wang 2 , Xin‐Zhou Pan 2 , Shang‐Wen Li 2 , Hai‐Tao Li 2 , Jie Kong 1
Propellants, Explosives, Pyrotechnics ( IF 1.7 ) Pub Date : 2021-05-28 , DOI: 10.1002/prep.202000327 Shuang Xu 1, 2 , Ai‐Min Pang 2 , Yue Wang 2 , Xin‐Zhou Pan 2 , Shang‐Wen Li 2 , Hai‐Tao Li 2 , Jie Kong 1
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Ammonium perchlorate (AP) is the most widely used oxidant in composite propellants. Propellants based on AP usually have a high burning rate, but in some applications, it is necessary to have a slower burning rate. The functional additives, which can reduce the burning rate of propellants, were named coolants, burning rate suppressants (BRSs), burning rate depressants, or burning rate inhibitors. This paper introduced different types of BRSs, such as amide-based compounds, cyclic azines, quaternary ammonium salts, metal salts, etc., their mechanism and development in AP-based composite propellants. For organic amines, the burning rate trend is as follows: biuret<melamine<oxamide<urea<base. Cyclic azines are special organic amines which form large, thermally stable cyclic azines in addition to common low-molecular-weight gases NH3, CO2, HCN, and N2O when heated. With the smallest addition but the highest effect, quaternary ammonium salts will not reduce the specific impulse of the propellant, nor do they interfere with cure reaction or adversely affect the physical properties of the cured propellant. Metal salts reduce the burning rate by forming more stable substances than HClO4 with AP. The mechanism of BRSs is complicated, but all of them can be explained based on AP deflagration. At last, the development trend of efficient BRSs was discussed, the preparation of liquid BRSs and the combination of AP bonding agents with BRSs were both first proposed, which worth further research in the future.
中文翻译：
燃速抑制剂在 AP 基复合推进剂中的应用综述
高氯酸铵 (AP) 是复合推进剂中使用最广泛的氧化剂。基于AP的推进剂通常具有较高的燃烧速率，但在某些应用中，需要具有较慢的燃烧速率。可以降低推进剂燃烧速率的功能性添加剂被称为冷却剂、燃烧速率抑制剂（BRSs）、燃烧速率抑制剂或燃烧速率抑制剂。介绍了酰胺基化合物、环状吖嗪、季铵盐、金属盐等不同类型的BRSs及其在AP基复合推进剂中的作用机理和进展。对于有机胺，燃烧速率趋势为：缩二脲<三聚氰胺<草酰胺<尿素<碱。环状吖嗪是特殊的有机胺，除了常见的低分子量气体 NH 外，还可形成大的、热稳定的环状吖嗪3、CO 2、HCN 和 N 2 O 加热时。季铵盐添加量最少但效果最好，既不会降低推进剂的比冲，也不会干扰固化反应或对固化推进剂的物理性能产生不利影响。金属盐通过与含 AP 的HClO 4形成更稳定的物质来降低燃烧速度。BRSs的机制很复杂，但都可以基于AP爆燃来解释。最后讨论了高效BRSs的发展趋势，首次提出了液态BRSs的制备以及AP结合剂与BRSs的结合，值得进一步研究。
更新日期：2021-05-28
中文翻译：
燃速抑制剂在 AP 基复合推进剂中的应用综述
高氯酸铵 (AP) 是复合推进剂中使用最广泛的氧化剂。基于AP的推进剂通常具有较高的燃烧速率，但在某些应用中，需要具有较慢的燃烧速率。可以降低推进剂燃烧速率的功能性添加剂被称为冷却剂、燃烧速率抑制剂（BRSs）、燃烧速率抑制剂或燃烧速率抑制剂。介绍了酰胺基化合物、环状吖嗪、季铵盐、金属盐等不同类型的BRSs及其在AP基复合推进剂中的作用机理和进展。对于有机胺，燃烧速率趋势为：缩二脲<三聚氰胺<草酰胺<尿素<碱。环状吖嗪是特殊的有机胺，除了常见的低分子量气体 NH 外，还可形成大的、热稳定的环状吖嗪3、CO 2、HCN 和 N 2 O 加热时。季铵盐添加量最少但效果最好，既不会降低推进剂的比冲，也不会干扰固化反应或对固化推进剂的物理性能产生不利影响。金属盐通过与含 AP 的HClO 4形成更稳定的物质来降低燃烧速度。BRSs的机制很复杂，但都可以基于AP爆燃来解释。最后讨论了高效BRSs的发展趋势，首次提出了液态BRSs的制备以及AP结合剂与BRSs的结合，值得进一步研究。
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