Per- and poly-fluoroalkyl substances (PFAS) are xenobiotics, present at variable concentrations in soils and groundwater worldwide. Some of the current remediation techniques being researched or applied for PFAS-impacted soils involve solidification-stabilisation, soil washing, excavation and disposal to landfill, on site or in situ smouldering, thermal desorption, ball milling and incineration. Given the large volumes of soil requiring treatment, there is a need for a more environmentally friendly technique to remove and treat PFASs from soils. Sorbents such as granular/powdered activated carbon, ion exchange resins and silicas are used in water treatment to remove PFAS. In this work, PFAS adsorption mechanisms and the effect of pore size, pH and organic matter on adsorption efficacy are discussed. Then, adsorption of PFAS to soils and sorbents is considered when assessing the viability of remediation techniques. Sonication-aided treatment was predicted to be an effective removal technique for PFAS from a solid phase, and the effect of varying frequency, power and particle size on the effectiveness of the desorption process is discussed. Causes and mitigation strategies for possible cavitation-induced particle erosion during ultrasound washing are also identified. Following soil remediation, degrading the extracted PFAS using sonolysis in a water-organic solvent mixture is discussed. The implications for future soil remediation and sorbent regeneration based on the findings in this study are given.

全氟和多氟烷基物质 (PFAS) 是异生物质，在全球土壤和地下水中以不同浓度存在。目前正在研究或应用于受 PFAS 影响的土壤的一些修复技术包括固化稳定、土壤冲洗、挖掘和处置到垃圾填埋场、现场或原位阴燃、热解吸、球磨和焚烧。鉴于需要处理的大量土壤，需要一种更环保的技术来去除和处理土壤中的全氟和多氟烷基物质。颗粒/粉末活性炭、离子交换树脂和二氧化硅等吸附剂用于水处理以去除 PFAS。在这项工作中，讨论了 PFAS 的吸附机制以及孔径、pH 值和有机物对吸附效率的影响。然后，在评估修复技术的可行性时考虑 PFAS 对土壤和吸附剂的吸附。预计超声辅助处理是从固相中去除 PFAS 的有效技术，并讨论了不同频率、功率和粒径对解吸过程有效性的影响。还确定了超声清洗过程中可能由空化引起的颗粒侵蚀的原因和缓解策略。在土壤修复之后，讨论了在水-有机溶剂混合物中使用声解降解提取的 PFAS。根据本研究的结果，给出了对未来土壤修复和吸附剂再生的影响。