Cancer is typically spoken of as a “complex” disease. But, in what sense are cancers “complex”? Is there one sense, or several? What implications does this complexity have – both for how we study, and how we intervene upon cancers? The aim of this paper is first, to clarify the variety of senses in which cancer is spoken of as "complex" in the scientific literature, and second, to discover what explanatory and predictive roles such features play.

中文翻译：

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癌症的复杂性如何？

癌症通常被称为“复杂”疾病。但是，癌症在什么意义上是“复杂的”？是一种还是几种？这种复杂性对我们的研究方式以及我们如何干预癌症有什么影响？本文的目的是首先阐明科学文献中将癌症称为“复杂”的各种意义，其次，发现这些特征在解释和预测方面发挥的作用。