Outdoor recreation is increasingly recognised for its deleterious effects on wildlife individuals and populations. However, planners and natural resource managers lack robust scientific recommendations for the design of recreation infrastructure and management of recreation activities. We reviewed 38 years of research on the effect of non-consumptive recreation on wildlife to attempt to identify effect thresholds or the point at which recreation begins to exhibit behavioural or physiological change to wildlife. We found that 53 of 330 articles identified a quantitative threshold. The majority of threshold articles focused on bird or mammal species and measured the distance to people or to a trail. Threshold distances varied substantially within and amongst taxonomic groups. Threshold distances for wading and passerine birds were generally less than 100 m, whereas they were greater than 400 m for hawks and eagles. Mammal threshold distances varied widely from 50 m for small rodents to 1,000 m for large ungulates. We did not find a significant difference between threshold distances of different recreation activity groups, likely based in part on low sample size. There were large gaps in scientific literature regarding several recreation variables and taxonomic groups including amphibians, invertebrates and reptiles. Our findings exhibit the need for studies to measure continuous variables of recreation extent and magnitude, not only to detect effects of recreation on wildlife, but also to identify effect thresholds when and where recreation begins or ceases to affect wildlife. Such considerations in studies of recreation ecology could provide robust scientific recommendations for planners and natural resource managers for the design of recreation infrastructure and management of recreation activities.

中文翻译：

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对野生动物的娱乐影响：潜在定量阈值的回顾

户外娱乐因其对野生动物个体和种群的有害影响而日益受到认可。然而，规划者和自然资源管理者缺乏关于娱乐基础设施设计和娱乐活动管理的强有力的科学建议。我们回顾了 38 年关于非消费性娱乐对野生动物的影响的研究，试图确定影响阈值或娱乐开始对野生动物表现出行为或生理变化的点。我们发现 330 篇文章中有 53 篇确定了定量阈值。大多数门槛文章侧重于鸟类或哺乳动物物种，并测量与人或小径的距离。阈值距离在分类组内部和分类组之间有很大差异。涉水鸟和雀鸟的阈值距离一般小于 100 m，而鹰和鹰的阈值距离大于 400 m。哺乳动物的阈值距离变化很大，从小型啮齿动物的 50 m 到大型有蹄类动物的 1,000 m。我们没有发现不同娱乐活动组的阈值距离之间存在显着差异，部分原因可能是样本量较小。关于包括两栖动物、无脊椎动物和爬行动物在内的几个娱乐变量和分类群的科学文献存在很大差距。我们的研究结果表明，需要研究测量娱乐程度和幅度的连续变量，不仅要检测娱乐对野生动物的影响，还要确定娱乐开始或停止影响野生动物的时间和地点的影响阈值。