Over the last 4 decades, remarkable progress has been made in the modelling of casting processes. The development of casting models is well reflected in the proceedings of the 15 Modelling of Casting, Welding and Advanced Solidification Processes (MCWASP) conferences that have been held since 1980.

Computer simulations have enabled a better understanding of the physical phenomena involved during solidification. Modelling gives the opportunity to uncouple the physical processes. Furthermore, quantities that are difficult or impossible to measure experimentally can be calculated using computer simulations e.g. flow patterns and recalescence. However, when it comes to accurately predicting casting performance and in particular, the occurrence of defects like cracks, segregation and porosity there is certainly some way to go.

In this paper, the current understanding of the main mechanisms of defect formation during shape and DC casting processes will be reviewed and requirements will be discussed to give a direction to making casting models more predictive and quantitative.

在过去的 4 年里，铸造过程的建模取得了显着进展。铸造模型的发展在自 1980 年以来举行的 15 次铸造、焊接和高级凝固过程建模 (MCWASP) 会议的会议记录中得到了很好的体现。

计算机模拟使人们能够更好地了解凝固过程中涉及的物理现象。建模提供了分离物理过程的机会。此外，难以或不可能通过实验测量的量可以使用计算机模拟来计算，例如流动模式和再辉。然而，当谈到准确预测铸造性能，特别是裂纹、偏析和气孔等缺陷的发生时，肯定还有一段路要走。

在本文中，将回顾目前对形状和直流铸造过程中缺陷形成的主要机制的理解，并讨论要求，为使铸造模型更具预测性和定量性指明方向。