Transient electronics, which can be tuned to be completely or partially dissoluble, degradable, and disintegrable, create new opportunities in the upcoming ubiquitous electronics era that are inaccessible with conventional permanent electronics. This emerging field offers unique electronic applications in environmentally degradable eco-devices with minimal or zero waste, biodegradable medical implants not requiring secondary removal surgery, and hardware-based security devices with self-destructing circuits. Nanoscale thin-film processing that exploits Si in single-crystalline form and related techniques allow construction of transient electronics with high performance and versatile characteristics, including nearly all types of active electronic components, integrated circuits, sensors and other integrated wireless medical devices. Here we review recently developed transient electronics and materials, mainly illustrating representative inorganic and Si electronic materials technologies. Dissolution chemistry and reaction kinetics of semiconductors, dielectric and metal conductors are described to explain the dependence on environmental conditions such as temperature, pH, ion species and materials microstructure, density, crystallinity, composition. Materials and approaches that define the functional lifetime of transient electronic are introduced in two aspects: using passive encapsulation layers to control water-vapor diffusion and using on-demand active triggerable systems of stimulus-responsive materials. Transfer-printing approaches and solution printing processes offer strategies to integrate high-performance inorganic electronic materials with soft and flexible biodegradable organic substrates. Various examples of biodegradable medical electronics for clinically relevant diseases and symptoms support effective practical applications.

可以调整为完全或部分溶解，可降解和可分解的瞬态电子，在即将到来的无处不在的电子时代创造了新的机遇，而这是常规永久性电子无法实现的。这个新兴领域为废物最少或为零的可环境降解的生态设备，不需要二次清除手术的可生物降解的医疗植入物以及具有自毁电路的基于硬件的安全设备提供了独特的电子应用。利用单晶硅和相关技术的纳米级薄膜处理技术可以构建具有高性能和通用特性的瞬态电子设备，包括几乎所有类型的有源电子元件，集成电路，传感器和其他集成无线医疗设备。在这里，我们回顾了最近开发的瞬态电子和材料，主要说明了代表性的无机和硅电子材料技术。描述了半导体，电介质和金属导体的溶解化学和反应动力学，以解释对环境条件的依赖性，例如温度，pH，离子种类和材料的微观结构，密度，结晶度，组成。在两个方面介绍了定义瞬态电子功能寿命的材料和方法：使用无源封装层控制水蒸气扩散，以及使用按需激活的刺激响应材料主动触发系统。转移印刷方法和溶液印刷工艺提供了将高性能无机电子材料与柔软而可生物降解的有机基质集成在一起的策略。用于临床相关疾病和症状的可生物降解医疗电子产品的各种示例均支持有效的实际应用。