Low calcium oxalate urinary stones from the kidney, bladder, and ureter have been collected from the arid area (Taif, Saudi Arabia). After careful washing and drying of the collected stones, the samples were converted into a contamination-free homogenous fine powder with a particles' size smaller than 50 μm. The processed urinary stone powders were studied using attenuated total reflection Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (ATR-FTIR), laboratory setup and synchrotron radiation X-ray diffraction (XRD), and energy-dispersive X-ray fluorescence (EDXRF). The activated function groups, quantitative phase analysis, and the semi-quantitative elemental analysis of the present urinary stones were identified. Seventeen elements were measured in most of the urinary stone samples. The significant elements are Ca, P, S, Cl, Zn, K, Fe, and Cu, whereas other elements were found alternatively in a few number of urinary stone samples. It was recognized that Ca exists with low concentration, which indicates the presence of different calcium phases even with low percentages. In 33% of the urinary stones, the phosphorus (P) was not measured, but there were high concentrations of sulfur (S) and low concentrations of Ca up to 2.15 ± 0.05%. The ATR-FTIR results indicate that the most compounds of the present urinary stones were urea and cystine combined with low ratios of calcium oxalate and calcium phosphate compounds. The quantitative phase analysis of the XRD of selected samples proves the presence of the cystine, urea, and calcium oxalate phases with different weight percent.

中文翻译：

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干旱地区采集的低草酸钙尿结石的 EDXRF、FTIR 和 XRD 表征

已经从干旱地区（沙特阿拉伯塔伊夫）收集了来自肾脏、膀胱和输尿管的低草酸钙尿结石。收集的石头经过仔细清洗和干燥后，将样品转化为粒径小​​于 50 μm 的无污染均匀细粉。使用衰减全反射傅里叶变换红外光谱 (ATR-FTIR)、实验室装置和同步辐射 X 射线衍射 (XRD) 和能量色散 X 射线荧光 (EDXRF) 研究处理过的尿结石粉末。对现有尿路结石的活化功能组、定量相分析和半定量元素分析进行​​了鉴定。在大多数尿结石样本中测量了 17 种元素。重要元素是 Ca、P、S、Cl、Zn、K、Fe 和 Cu，而在少数尿结石样本中也发现了其他元素。人们认识到 Ca 以低浓度存在，这表明即使在低百分比时也存在不同的钙相。在 33% 的尿路结石中，未测量磷 (P)，但存在高浓度的硫 (S) 和低浓度的钙，高达 2.15 ± 0.05%。ATR-FTIR结果表明，目前泌尿系结石的大多数化合物是尿素和胱氨酸，并伴有低比例的草酸钙和磷酸钙化合物。所选样品的 XRD 定量相分析证明存在不同重量百分比的胱氨酸、尿素和草酸钙相。人们认识到 Ca 以低浓度存在，这表明即使在低百分比时也存在不同的钙相。在 33% 的尿路结石中，未测量磷 (P)，但存在高浓度的硫 (S) 和低浓度的钙，高达 2.15 ± 0.05%。ATR-FTIR结果表明，目前泌尿系结石的大多数化合物是尿素和胱氨酸，并伴有低比例的草酸钙和磷酸钙化合物。所选样品的 XRD 定量相分析证明存在不同重量百分比的胱氨酸、尿素和草酸钙相。人们认识到 Ca 以低浓度存在，这表明即使在低百分比时也存在不同的钙相。在 33% 的尿路结石中，未测量磷 (P)，但存在高浓度的硫 (S) 和低浓度的钙，高达 2.15 ± 0.05%。ATR-FTIR结果表明，目前泌尿系结石的大多数化合物是尿素和胱氨酸，并伴有低比例的草酸钙和磷酸钙化合物。所选样品的 XRD 定量相分析证明存在不同重量百分比的胱氨酸、尿素和草酸钙相。但有高浓度的硫 (S) 和低浓度的钙，高达 2.15 ± 0.05%。ATR-FTIR结果表明，目前泌尿系结石的大多数化合物是尿素和胱氨酸，并伴有低比例的草酸钙和磷酸钙化合物。所选样品的 XRD 定量相分析证明存在不同重量百分比的胱氨酸、尿素和草酸钙相。但有高浓度的硫 (S) 和低浓度的钙，高达 2.15 ± 0.05%。ATR-FTIR结果表明，目前泌尿系结石的大多数化合物是尿素和胱氨酸，并伴有低比例的草酸钙和磷酸钙化合物。所选样品的 XRD 定量相分析证明存在不同重量百分比的胱氨酸、尿素和草酸钙相。