Background To date, much of the research on individual difference correlates of coronavirus guideline adherence is cross-sectional, leaving prospective associations between these factors unaddressed. Additionally, investigations of prospective predictors of mask-wearing, COVID-19 symptoms, and viral testing remain wanting. Purpose The present study examined prospective relations between demographic factors, personality traits, social cognitions and guideline adherence, mask-wearing, symptoms, and viral testing in a U.S. sample (N = 500) during the initial surge of COVID-19 deaths in the United State between late March and early May 2020. Methods Guided by a disposition-belief-motivation framework, correlational analyses, and path models tested associations among baseline personality traits, guideline adherence social cognitions, health beliefs, guideline adherence and follow-up guideline adherence, mask-wearing, symptom counts, and 30-day viral testing. Results Modeling results showed greater baseline agreeableness, conscientiousness, and extraversion were associated with more frequent baseline guideline adherence. More liberal political beliefs, greater guideline adherence intentions, and more frequent guideline adherence at baseline predicted more frequent mask-wearing at follow-up. Sex (female), lower perceived health, and greater neuroticism at baseline predicted greater symptom counts at follow-up. Reports of viral testing were quite low (1.80%), yet were consistent with concurrent national reporting and limited availability of testing. Conclusions Results show how inconsistencies and politicization of health policy communication were concomitant with the effects of individual-level political beliefs on mask-wearing during the initial surge. The results further clarify how personality traits related to social responsibility (i.e., agreeableness, conscientiousness) are associated with following new norms for prescribed behaviors and how symptom reporting can be as much a marker of perceived health as emotional stability.

中文翻译：

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2020 年春季 COVID-19 激增：美国样本中人口统计因素、性格特征、社会认知和准则遵守情况、口罩佩戴和症状之间的前瞻性关系


背景迄今为止，许多关于个体差异与冠状病毒指南遵守情况相关性的研究都是横向的，这些因素之间的前瞻性关联尚未得到解决。此外，对戴口罩、COVID-19 症状和病毒检测的前瞻性预测因素的调查仍然缺乏。目的 本研究以美国样本 (N = 500) 为对象，探讨了在美国 COVID-19 死亡人数最初激增期间，人口因素、性格特征、社会认知和指南遵守情况、佩戴口罩、症状和病毒检测之间的前瞻性关系。 2020 年 3 月底至 5 月初的状态。方法以性格-信念-动机框架、相关分析和路径模型为指导，测试了基线人格特征、指南遵守情况、社会认知、健康信念、指南遵守情况和后续指南遵守情况之间的关联，戴口罩、症状计数和 30 天病毒检测。结果 建模结果显示，较高的基线宜人性、责任心和外向性与更频繁地遵守基线指南相关。更自由的政治信仰、更大的指南遵守意图以及基线时更频繁地遵守指南预示着随访时更频繁地戴口罩。基线时的性别（女性）、较低的健康感知和较高的神经质预示着随访时症状数量较多。病毒检测报告相当低（1.80%），但与同时发生的国家报告和检测可用性有限相一致。结论 结果表明，在最初的激增期间，卫生政策沟通的不一致和政治化如何与个人层面的政治信仰对戴口罩的影响相伴随。 研究结果进一步阐明了与社会责任相关的人格特质（即宜人性、尽责性）如何与遵循规定行为的新规范相关联，以及症状报告如何与情绪稳定性一样成为感知健康的标志。