Context

Integrated landscape approaches (ILAs) that aim to balance conservation and development targets are increasingly promoted through science, policy, and the donor community. Advocates suggest that ILAs are viable implementing pathways for addressing global challenges such as biodiversity loss, poverty alleviation, and climate change mitigation and adaptation. However, we argue that recent advances in ILA research and discourse have tended to emphasize the social and governance dimensions, while overlooking ecological factors and inadequately considering potential trade-offs between the two fields.

Objectives

By raising the issue of inadequate integration of ecology in ILAs and providing some general design suggestions, we aim to support and incentivise better design and practice of ILAs, supplementing existing design principles.

Methods

In this perspective we draw on the recent literature and our collective experience to highlight the need, and the means, to re-integrate ecology into landscape approaches.

Results

We suggest that better incorporation of the ecological dimension requires the integration of two approaches: one focusing on conventional scientific studies of biodiversity and biophysical parameters; and the other focusing on the engagement of relevant stakeholders using various participatory methods. We provide some general guidelines for how these approaches can be incorporated within ILA design and implementation.

Conclusion

Re-integrating ecology into ILAs will not only improve ecological understanding (and related objectives, plans and monitoring), but will also generate insights into local and traditional knowledge, encourage transdisciplinary enquiry and reveal important conservation-development trade-offs and synergies.

中文翻译：

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将生态学重新整合到综合景观方法中

语境

通过科学，政策和捐助者社区，越来越多地促进旨在平衡保护和发展目标的综合景观方法。拥护者建议，国际法协会是应对诸如生物多样性丧失，减轻贫困以及缓解和适应气候变化等全球挑战的可行实施途径。但是，我们认为，ILA研究和讨论的最新进展倾向于强调社会和治理方面的内容，同时忽略了生态因素，并且没有充分考虑这两个领域之间的潜在权衡。

目标

通过提出生态学在ILA中整合不充分的问题并提供一些一般性的设计建议，我们旨在支持和激励ILA的更好的设计和实践，以补充现有的设计原则。

方法

从这个角度来看，我们借鉴了最近的文献和我们的集体经验，强调了将生态学重新整合到景观方法中的必要性和手段。

结果

我们建议，更好地纳入生态维度需要整合两种方法：一种侧重于对生物多样性和生物物理参数的常规科学研究。另一个侧重于使用各种参与方法使相关利益相关者参与。我们提供了有关如何将这些方法纳入ILA设计和实施的一些一般准则。

结论

将生态学重新纳入国际法协会不仅将增进生态学理解（以及相关的目标，计划和监测），还将对当地和传统知识产生见解，鼓励跨学科研究，并揭示重要的保护与发展权衡和协同作用。