Venezuela is struck by a catastrophic economic crisis caused by widespread corruption, government mismanagement and lack of economic diversification. In 2016, President Maduro decreed the Orinoco Mining Arc: a large biodiverse region now destined for mining development. This article analyses harms inflicted on communities and environment following this development. Subsistence miners, local populations, and vulnerable ecosystems suffer in this struggle for power and wealth. Violent encounters by groups that aim to control mineral rich territories cause many local and regional conflicts. In these conflicts, state and criminal actors often collide or collaborate.

中文翻译：

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委内瑞拉的黄金抢劫案：国家、犯罪网络和资源开采之间的共生关系

委内瑞拉因普遍的腐败、政府管理不善和缺乏经济多元化而遭受灾难性的经济危机。2016 年，马杜罗总统颁布了奥里诺科采矿弧：一个大型生物多样性区域，现在注定要进行采矿开发。本文分析了这一发展对社区和环境造成的危害。自给自足的矿工、当地居民和脆弱的生态系统在这场权力和财富的斗争中受苦。旨在控制矿产丰富地区的团体的暴力冲突导致了许多地方和区域冲突。在这些冲突中，国家和犯罪行为者经常发生冲突或合作。