We report a review of medical aspects of the consciousness. The behavioral dimension, phenotypic descriptors, relative consciousness and neural correlates of consciousness and related disorders were addressed successively in a holistic and chronological approach. Consciousness is relative, specific to each individual across time and space. Historically defined as the perception of the self and the environment, it cannot be separated from behaviors, entailing an idea of conscious behavior with metapractic and metagnostic aspects. Observation of spontaneous and evoked overt behavior distinguishes three main types of disorder of consciousness (DoC): coma, vegetative state or unresponsive wakefulness, and minimally conscious or relationally impoverished state. Modern functional exploration techniques, such as imaging, increase the understanding of DoCs and consciousness. Whether consciousness is a superior function and/or an instrumental function is discussed. Neural correlates can be subdivided into two wakefulness pathways (superior thalamic cholinergic and inferior extra-thalamic), and cortico-subcortical circuitry. The deep brain structures are those described in the well-known sensorimotor, associative and limbic loops, as illustrated in the mesolimbic model of DoC. The cortices can be segregated into several overlapping networks: (1) a global workspace including thalamo-cortical loops; (2) the default mode network (DMN) and related intrinsic connectivity networks (i.e., central executive, medial DMN and salience networks); (3) a 3-fold network comprising the fronto-parietal control system and its dorsal and ventral attentional sub-networks, the fronto-parietal executive control network, and the cingulo-opercular salience network; (4) the internal and external cortices, respectively medial, turned toward the self, and lateral, turned toward the environment. The network dynamics is the reflection of consciousness, notably anticorrelations such as the decrease in activity of the posterior cingulate-precuneus regions during attentional tasks. Thanks to recent advances in DoC pathophysiology, further significative therapeutic progress is expected, taking into account the societal context. This depends notably on the dissemination of medical knowledge and its transfer to a wider public.

我们报告了意识的医学方面的回顾。行为维度、表型描述符、意识和相关疾病的相关意识和神经相关性以整体和时间顺序的方法连续处理。意识是相对的，特定于跨越时间和空间的每个人。从历史上看，它被定义为对自我和环境的感知，它不能与行为分开，它包含一种具有元实践和元认知方面的有意识行为的概念。对自发和诱发的明显行为的观察区分了三种主要类型的意识障碍 (DoC)：昏迷、植物人状态或无反应的清醒状态，以及最低意识或相关贫困状态。现代功能探索技术，如成像，增加对文档和意识的理解。讨论了意识是高级功能和/或工具功能。神经相关可细分为两条觉醒通路（上丘脑胆碱能和下丘脑外）和皮质-皮质下回路。深部脑结构是在众所周知的感觉运动、联想和边缘循环中描述的那些，如 DoC 的中脑边缘模型所示。皮质可以分成几个重叠的网络：（1）一个包括丘脑-皮质环的全局工作空间；(2) 默认模式网络 (DMN) 和相关的内在连接网络（即中央执行网络、中间 DMN 和显着网络）；(3) 一个三重网络，包括额顶控制系统及其背侧和腹侧注意子网络，额-顶叶执行控制网络和扣带-鳃盖显着网络；（4）内外皮质，分别内侧，转向自我，外侧，转向环境。网络动力学是意识的反映，尤其是反相关，例如在注意力任务期间后扣带-楔前叶区域的活动减少。由于 DoC 病理生理学的最新进展，考虑到社会背景，预计会有进一步的显着治疗进展。这主要取决于医学知识的传播及其向更广泛公众的传播。网络动力学是意识的反映，尤其是反相关，例如在注意力任务期间后扣带-楔前叶区域的活动减少。由于 DoC 病理生理学的最新进展，考虑到社会背景，预计会有进一步的显着治疗进展。这主要取决于医学知识的传播及其向更广泛公众的传播。网络动力学是意识的反映，尤其是反相关，例如在注意力任务期间后扣带-楔前叶区域的活动减少。由于 DoC 病理生理学的最新进展，考虑到社会背景，预计会有进一步的显着治疗进展。这主要取决于医学知识的传播及其向更广泛公众的传播。