ABSTRACT

Since the proclamation of the Indigenous People’s Rights Act in 1997, the government of the Philippines has started to issue ancestral domain land titles, in an attempt to outline within its own legal framework how indigenous peoples should deal with land claims, disputes and ownership. Drawing on eleven months of fieldwork (2015–2019), this article describes the notions of ownership (fun) and occupancy (mnè) among the Blaan of Malbulen, and discusses whether their own views of the land are compatible with those proposed by the government. In fact, Blaan do not consider themselves to be the first inhabitants of the land. This status belongs to the fun spirits, its true owners, whose approval is needed to be accepted as an occupant, i.e. to build a house, to hunt, to cut down a tree or to cross a river. Humans are here believed to be mere occupants of the land. Places, humans and nonhuman beings are interwoven in ways that we have investigated through participatory and digital cartography. Mapping these beings reveals an interactive landscape. Its epistemology allows the anthropologist to question their own views and representations of space, and to understand how they may differ from local perspectives.

摘要

自 1997 年颁布《原住民权利法》以来，菲律宾政府已开始发布祖传土地所有权，试图在其自身的法律框架内概述原住民应如何处理土地索赔、争议和所有权。本文基于 2015-2019 年 11 个月的实地考察，描述了马尔布伦 Blaan 人的所有权 ( fun ) 和占用 ( mnè ) 概念，并讨论了他们对土地的看法是否与政府提出的看法相符. 事实上，布兰并不认为自己是这片土地的第一批居民。此状态属于乐趣精神，它的真正所有者，需要他们的批准才能被接受为居住者，即建造房屋、打猎、砍树或过河。人类在这里被认为只是这片土地的居住者。地方、人类和非人类以我们通过参与式和数字制图研究的方式交织在一起。绘制这些生物的地图揭示了一个互动的景观。它的认识论允许人类学家质疑他们自己对空间的看法和表述，并了解他们与当地观点的不同之处。