Abstract

The hypermasculine subculture of individual and team sports is a context where discriminatory attitudes toward lesbian, gay, and bisexual (LGB) people can occur at a higher rate, although conflicting results emerged in the literature. In order to clarify these data, a systematic review was conducted following the PRISMA statement, with the aim to analyze the research on expressed homonegativity among athletes and the discrimination perceived by LGB people involved in sport contexts. Thirty-eight articles were included. Although half of the included research identified, mainly among younger generations, positive attitudes toward homosexuality, an adherence to an orthodox masculinity and veiled discriminatory expressions persist. In addition, several papers identified overt discrimination, and LGB athletes often perceive sport contexts as discriminatory. Even seemingly “positive,” results should therefore be interpreted with caution. Evidence suggests the connection with stereotypical requirements and a heteronormative and homonegative cultural system could be maintained in apparently innocuous behaviors and expressions. Further interventions are necessary in order to sensitize sporting contexts regarding homosexuality-related issues and to promote inclusive attitudes.

摘要

个人和团队运动的超男性亚文化是一种对女同性恋、男同性恋和双性恋 (LGB) 人的歧视态度可能以更高的比率发生的背景，尽管文献中出现了相互矛盾的结果。为了澄清这些数据，在 PRISMA 声明之后进行了系统评价，旨在分析关于运动员之间表达的同质性的研究以及参与体育环境的 LGB 人所感知的歧视。包括三十八篇文章。尽管其中一半的研究发现，主要在年轻一代中，对同性恋的积极态度、对正统男子气概的坚持和含蓄的歧视性表达仍然存在。此外，几篇论文发现了明显的歧视，LGB 运动员通常认为体育环境具有歧视性。因此，即使看似“积极”的结果也应谨慎解释。有证据表明，与陈规定型要求和异性恋和同性恋文化系统的联系可以在明显无害的行为和表达中保持。进一步的干预是必要的，以使体育环境对同性恋相关问题敏感，并促进包容态度。