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Why is parochialism prevalent?: an evolutionary approach
Journal of Economic Interaction and Coordination ( IF 0.8 ) Pub Date : 2021-05-24 , DOI: 10.1007/s11403-021-00328-3
Nathan Berg , Jeong-Yoo Kim , Kyu Min Lee

Parochialism occurs when an individual mentally codes the population into in-group and out-group members and cooperates only with in-group members. Conditional cooperation of this kind is distinct from strategies such as tit-for-tat where the decision to cooperate is conditioned on others’ previous actions. Parochialists practice in-group favoritism by cooperating with others, conditional on their spatial proximity or cultural similarity. We consider an evolutionary model of local interaction with three types of strategies: altruists “always cooperate”; egoists “always defect”; and parochialists cooperate only with neighbors within a certain radius on a spatial network. In the model, we provide a new explanation for why parochialism is durable and can stably remain prevalent in human populations. The main driving force is the homophily effect. Interestingly, the homophily effect leads to the prevalence of parochialists but not altruists who benefit more from homophilic association, because altruists are invaded by parochialists. The two groups can coexist only if egoists buffer their direct interaction. Accordingly, the proportion of egoists can be greater than that of altruists in our model, contrary to the result of Eshel et al. (1998). Simulations show, for most parameter values, that the socially optimal cooperation radius (achieving the greatest mean fitness across the entire population) is two and that narrow in-group parochialism is prevalent regardless of frequency of interaction within a society.



中文翻译:

为什么狭och主义盛行?:一种进化的方法

当个人在心理上将人口分为小组内成员和小组外成员,并且仅与小组内成员合作时,就会发生狭och主义。这种有条件的合作不同于诸如“针锋相对”之类的策略,在这种策略中,合作的决定取决于其他人的先前行动。狭och主义者通过与他人合作,以他们在空间上的亲近度或文化相似性为条件来实践集体偏爱。我们考虑一种具有三种策略的局部交互作用的进化模型:利他主义者“总是合作”;利他主义者“总是合作”。利己主义者“总是有缺陷”;和狭och主义者仅与空间网络中一定半径范围内的邻居合作。在模型中,我们提供了新的解释,说明狭och性为何能够持久并且可以稳定地在人类中普遍存在。主要驱动力是同构效应。有趣的是,同质影响导致狭och主义者的盛行,但利他主义者却从同性交往中受益更多,因为利他主义者受到狭och主义者的入侵。只有当利己主义者缓冲他们的直接互动时,这两个群体才能共存。因此,在我们的模型中,利己主义者的比例可能大于利他主义者的比例,这与Eshel等人的结果相反。(1998)。模拟显示,对于大多数参数值而言,社会上最佳的合作半径(在整个人口中实现最大的平均适应度)为2,并且狭窄的群体内狭och主义普遍存在,而与社会内部互动的频率无关。只有当利己主义者缓冲他们的直接互动时,这两个群体才能共存。因此,在我们的模型中,利己主义者的比例可能大于利他主义者的比例,这与Eshel等人的结果相反。(1998)。模拟显示,对于大多数参数值而言,社会上最佳的合作半径(在整个人口中实现最大的平均适应度)为2,并且狭窄的群体内狭och主义普遍存在,而与社会内部互动的频率无关。只有当利己主义者缓冲他们的直接互动时,这两个群体才能共存。因此,在我们的模型中,利己主义者的比例可能大于利他主义者的比例,这与Eshel等人的结果相反。(1998)。模拟显示,对于大多数参数值而言,社会上最佳的合作半径(在整个人口中实现最大的平均适应度)为2,并且狭窄的群体内狭och主义普遍存在,而与社会内部互动的频率无关。

更新日期:2021-05-25
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