Since their inception more than thirty years ago, field-programmable gate arrays (FPGAs) have been widely used to implement a myriad of applications from different domains. As a result of their low-level hardware reconfigurability, FPGAs have much faster design cycles and lower development costs compared to custom-designed chips. The design of an FPGA architecture involves many different design choices starting from the high-level architectural parameters down to the transistor-level implementation details, with the goal of making a highly programmable device while minimizing the area and performance cost of reconfigurability. As the needs of applications and the capabilities of process technology are constantly evolving, FPGA architecture must also adapt. In this article, we review the evolution of the different key components of modern commercial FPGA architectures and shed the light on their main design principles and implementation challenges.

中文翻译：

---

FPGA 架构：原理和进展


自三十多年前问世以来，现场可编程门阵列 (FPGA) 已被广泛用于实现不同领域的无数应用。由于其低级硬件可重构性，与定制设计的芯片相比，FPGA 具有更快的设计周期和更低的开发成本。 FPGA 架构的设计涉及许多不同的设计选择，从高级架构参数到晶体管级实现细节，其目标是制造高度可编程的器件，同时最大限度地减少可重构性的面积和性能成本。随着应用需求和工艺技术能力不断发展，FPGA 架构也必须适应。在本文中，我们回顾了现代商用 FPGA 架构不同关键组件的演变，并阐明了它们的主要设计原理和实现挑战。