Mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs) have been demonstrated to have a great potential in the treatment of several diseases due to their differentiation and immunomodulatory capabilities and their ability to be easily cultured and manipulated. Recent investigations revealed that their therapeutic effect is largely mediated by the secretion of paracrine factors including exosomes. Exosomes reflect biophysical features of MSCs and are considered more effective than MSCs themselves. Alternative approaches based on MSC-derived exosomes can offer appreciable promise in overcoming the limitations and practical challenges observed in cell-based therapy. Furthermore, MSC-derived exosomes may provide a potent therapeutic strategy for various diseases and are promising candidates for cell-based and cell-free regenerative medicine. This review briefly summarizes the development of MSCs as a treatment for human diseases as well as describes our current knowledge about exosomes: their biogenesis and molecular composition, and how they exert their effects on target cells. Particularly, the therapeutic potential of MSC-derived exosomes in experimental models and recent clinical trials to evaluate their safety and efficacy are summarized in this study. Overall, this paper provides a current overview of exosomes as a new cell-free therapeutic agent.

中文翻译：

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间充质干细胞衍生外泌体的新治疗方法

间充质干细胞 (MSCs) 因其分化和免疫调节能力以及易于培养和操作的能力，已被证明在治疗多种疾病方面具有巨大潜力。最近的研究表明，它们的治疗效果主要是由包括外泌体在内的旁分泌因子的分泌介导的。外泌体反映了 MSC 的生物物理特征，被认为比 MSC 本身更有效。基于 MSC 衍生的外泌体的替代方法可以提供可观的前景，以克服在基于细胞的治疗中观察到的局限性和实际挑战。此外，MSC 衍生的外泌体可以为各种疾病提供有效的治疗策略，并且是基于细胞和无细胞再生医学的有希望的候选者。本综述简要总结了 MSC 作为人类疾病治疗方法的发展，并描述了我们目前对外泌体的了解：它们的生物发生和分子组成，以及它们如何对靶细胞发挥作用。特别是，本研究总结了 MSC 衍生的外泌体在实验模型和最近的临床试验中的治疗潜力，以评估其安全性和有效性。总体而言，本文提供了外泌体作为一种新的无细胞治疗剂的当前概述。本研究总结了 MSC 衍生的外泌体在实验模型和最近的临床试验中的治疗潜力，以评估其安全性和有效性。总体而言，本文提供了外泌体作为一种新的无细胞治疗剂的当前概述。本研究总结了 MSC 衍生的外泌体在实验模型和最近的临床试验中的治疗潜力，以评估其安全性和有效性。总体而言，本文提供了外泌体作为一种新的无细胞治疗剂的当前概述。