Over the past 25 years, understanding males’ interest in and outcomes of muscularity has developed into a major area of study. Research has been fueled by the development of measures of both the attitudinal and behavioral aspects of a desire to increase muscularity. Our research purpose was to critically assess muscularity research. Using a database search, the ancestry approach, and searching key journals, we identified empirical refereed journal articles with men as participants published from 2000 to 2019 to serve as our data. Our analyses revealed several individual characteristics (e.g., perfectionism, holding to traditional masculine norms) and socio-cultural influences (e.g., media, verbal commentary) that fueled men’s desire to be muscular. In experimental research, exposure to muscular male ideal images has resulted in low body image scores for young men in investigations that utilized pre-test, post-test designs. In survey research, muscularity was positively related to several risky behaviors or behaviors that could become risky if taken to the extreme. Overall, the reviewed research was conducted in western countries and researchers primarily utilized non-probability samples of undergraduate men. Recommendations for future research are provided.

中文翻译：

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男性和肌肉研究：回顾

在过去的25年中，了解男性对肌肉的兴趣和肌肉结局已成为研究的主要领域。渴望增加肌肉的态度和行为方面的测量方法的发展推动了研究的发展。我们的研究目的是严格评估肌肉研究。使用数据库搜索，祖先方法和搜索关键期刊，我们确定了从2000年至2019年发表的以男性为参与者的经验性参考期刊文章作为我们的数据。我们的分析揭示了几个个人特征（例如，完美主义，坚持传统的男性规范）和社会文化影响（例如，媒体，口头评论），激发了人们对肌肉的渴望。在实验研究中 在使用测试前，测试后设计的调查中，接触肌肉发达的男性理想图像导致年轻男性的身体图像评分较低。在调查研究中，肌肉活动与几种危险行为或极端危险的行为呈正相关。总体而言，经过审查的研究是在西方国家进行的，研究人员主要利用了本科生的非概率样本。提供了未来研究的建议。