Sustaining multiple ecosystem services across a landscape requires an understanding of how consistently services are shaped by different categories of land uses. Yet, this understanding is generally constrained by the availability of fine-resolution data for multiple services across large areas and the spatial variability of land-use effects on services. We systematically surveyed published literature for New Zealand (1970–2015) to quantify the supply of 17 non-production services across 25 land covers (as a proxy for land use). We found a consistent trade-off in the services supplied by anthropogenic land covers with a high production intensity (e.g. cropping) versus those with extensive or no production. By contrast, forest cover was not associated with any distinct patterns of service supply. By drawing on existing research findings, we reveal complementarity and redundancy (potentially influencing resilience) in service supply from different land covers. This will guide practitioners in shaping land systems that sustainably support human well-being.

中文翻译：

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具有不同生产强度的土地覆盖物之间生态系统服务的一致权衡

在景观中维持多种生态系统服务需要了解不同类别的土地利用如何形成一致的服务。然而，这种理解通常受到大面积多种服务的高分辨率数据的可用性以及土地利用对服务影响的空间可变性的限制。我们系统地调查了新西兰（1970-2015 年）已发表的文献，以量化 25 种土地覆盖范围内 17 种非生产服务的供应（作为土地使用的代理）。我们发现高生产强度（例如种植）的人为土地覆盖提供的服务与那些有大量生产或没有生产的。相比之下，森林覆盖与任何不同的服务供应模式无关。通过借鉴现有的研究结果，我们揭示了不同土地覆盖的服务供应的互补性和冗余性（可能影响弹性）。这将指导从业者塑造可持续支持人类福祉的土地系统。