Conspecific presence can indicate the location or quality of resources, and animals settling near conspecifics often gain fitness benefits. This can result in adaptive conspecific attraction during breeding habitat selection as demonstrated in numerous terrestrial, territorial birds. There is growing interest in using simulated conspecific social cues (e.g., decoys, broadcasted vocalizations) to manage bird distributions, yet it remains unclear when this approach is likely to succeed. We reviewed published studies to evaluate whether the strength of conspecific attraction in terrestrial birds is mediated by characteristics of species (life history traits), simulated cues (e.g., timing and duration), sites (e.g., quality), and how conspecific attraction was measured. We identified 31 experiments that simulated social cues and compared conspecific settlement between treatment and control sites. We then used phylogenetically controlled meta-regression to assess the impacts of 19 moderators on settlement. Nearly all species included in these experiments were migratory passerines, and social cues generally had a strong, positive influence on their settlement decisions, as the odds of site occupancy were 3.12× (95% CI: 0.81–11.69) greater in treatment sites relative to control sites. Within this group, conspecific attraction was evolutionarily conserved with ≥25.5% (95% CI: 5.1%–65.4%) of the variance in treatment effects explained by phylogenetic relatedness. However, we found no evidence that any covariates influenced the response to social cues, and we posit this stems from limited research specifically designed to identify the mechanisms mediating conspecific attraction. We therefore developed a research agenda that provides a framework for testing mechanistic hypotheses regarding how cue characteristics, species traits, and spatial contexts may mediate attraction to conspecifics. Evaluating these hypotheses will greatly advance the field by helping managers understand when, where, and why simulating social cues can be used to enhance populations of species that are of conservation concern.

中文翻译：

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陆生种鸟保护和管理的同种吸引力：当前知识和未来研究方向

同种存在可以表明资源的位置或质量，在同种附近定居的动物通常会获得健康益处。这可能会导致在繁殖栖息地选择过程中产生适应性的同种吸引力，如许多陆生领地鸟类所证明的那样。人们对使用模拟的特定社交线索（例如，诱饵、广播的声音）来管理鸟类分布的兴趣日益浓厚，但这种方法何时可能成功尚不清楚。我们回顾了已发表的研究，以评估陆鸟同种吸引力的强度是否受物种特征（生活史特征）、模拟线索（例如时间和持续时间）、地点（例如质量）以及如何测量同种吸引力的影响。 . 我们确定了 31 个模拟社会线索的实验，并比较了治疗和对照地点之间的同种沉降。然后，我们使用系统发育控制的元回归来评估 19 种调节剂对定居的影响。这些实验中包括的几乎所有物种都是迁徙雀形目，社会线索通常对其定居决定产生强烈的积极影响，因为相对于处理地点，地点占用的几率是 3.12 倍（95% CI：0.81-11.69）控制站点。在该组中，同种吸引在进化上是保守的，治疗效果的差异≥25.5%（95% CI：5.1%–65.4%），由系统发育相关性解释。然而，我们没有发现任何协变量影响对社会线索的反应的证据，我们认为这源于有限的研究，专门设计用于确定介导同种吸引力的机制。因此，我们制定了一个研究议程，该议程提供了一个框架，用于测试关于线索特征、物种特征和空间背景如何调节对同种物种的吸引力的机制假设。通过帮助管理人员了解何时、何地以及为什么可以使用模拟社会线索来增加受保护关注的物种的数量，评估这些假设将极大地推动该领域的发展。