Wireworms have become a significant menace to cereals in the Northern Great Plains. Therefore, research toward developing effective control methods such as biological control with entomopathogenic nematodes (EPNs) is warranted. Two strains, each of two EPN species, Steinernema carpocapsae (Weiser) and Steinernema riobrave Cabanillas, Poinar, and Raulston in the form of infected Galleria mellonella (L.) cadavers were evaluated against wireworms in field and greenhouse. In field experiments, none of the four EPN strains were found effective against wireworms. However, in the greenhouse test, three of the strains, S. carpocapsae (All and Cxrd) or S. riobrave (355) applied in cadavers killed 50–68% of the sugarbeet wireworm, Limonius californicus (Mannerheim) was associated with 8–24% plant damage at 35 d after treatment (DAT), when seeds were treated with imidacloprid. The mortality range was 40–56% with 57–75% plant damage observed at 35 DAT, when seeds were planted without imidacloprid treatment. Synergistic effect among imidacloprid and S. carpocapsae (Cxrd) or S. riobrave (355) was observed in regard to L. californicus mortality. Additionally, effects of soil texture, moisture, and temperature on the infection rate of EPNs against L. californicus were examined in the laboratory. Limonius californicus mortality was not significantly affected by either soil moisture or soil types maintained at field capacity moisture levels. However, soil temperature showed a significant effect on L. californicus mortality. Overall, imidacloprid enhanced the infection and killing ability of EPNs against L. californicus and S. carpocapsae (All and Cxrd) strains were the virulent strains in different soil experiments.

中文翻译：

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使用昆虫病原线虫对线虫（鞘翅目：Elateridae）进行生物防治：感染宿主尸体应用和土壤特性的影响

线虫已成为大平原北部谷物的重大威胁。因此，有必要研究开发有效的控制方法，例如用昆虫病原线虫 (EPN) 进行生物控制。在田间和温室中评估了两种 EPN 物种中的两种菌株，即 Steinernema carpocapsae (Weiser) 和 Steinernema riobrave Cabanillas、Poinar 和 Raulston，它们以受感染的 Galleria mellonella (L.) 尸体的形式对抗线虫。在现场实验中，四种 EPN 菌株均未发现对线虫有效。然而，在温室试验中，三种菌株 S. carpocapsae (All 和 Cxrd) 或 S. riobrave (355) 在尸体中杀死了 50-68% 的甜菜线虫，Limonius californicus (Mannerheim) 与 8-处理后 35 天 (DAT) 造成 24% 的植物损伤，当种子用吡虫啉处理时。当种子在没有吡虫啉处理的情况下播种时，死亡率范围为 40-56%，在 35 天观察到 57-75% 的植物损伤。观察到吡虫啉和 S. carpocapsae (Cxrd) 或 S. riobrave (355) 在降低 L. californicus 死亡率方面的协同效应。此外，实验室还研究了土壤质地、水分和温度对 EPNs 对 L. californicus 感染率的影响。Limonius californicus 死亡率不受土壤水分或保持在田间容量水分水平的土壤类型的显着影响。然而，土壤温度对 L. californicus 死亡率有显着影响。总体而言，吡虫啉增强了 EPNs 对 L. californicus 和 S. californicus 的感染和杀灭能力。