Abstract

Since the beginning of the 20th century, the number of saigas (Saiga tatarica tatarica L., 1766) sharply decreased twice as a result of human activity. After the first decrease, all four saiga populations (the Northwest Pre-Caspian, Ustyurt, Volga–Ural, and Betpakdala) recovered, and they numbered more than 1 million heads by the 1970–80s. However, after the second decrease (since the beginning of the 21st century), an increase in the number of these ungulates has been noted only for two populations, the Volga–Ural and Betpakdala. The goal of the study is to analyze the biological parameters of the four populations and to identify the differences that allowed the saigas inhabiting the Volga–Ural interfluve and Betpakdala to overcome population depression and to recover their numbers. At the end of the 20th century, the economic situation in the countries inhabited by saigas promoted poaching among the population, which led to a sharp decrease in the total number of these ungulates down to 50 000. The area of the main range decreased by 50 times for the Northwest Pre-Caspian saiga population and by 2.4–5 times for the other three populations. The distance of seasonal migrations, as well as animal involvement, also decreased. The saiga population of the Northwest Pre-Caspian has become practically sedentary. The low-number periods are characterized by a decrease in herds of different sizes found throughout the year; herds with less than 50 animals were registered in 56–100% of cases. In the early 2000s, the main biological parameters characterizing the four saiga populations were comparable. Moreover, the proportion of adult males and the yield of young animals per female in July–August were higher in the population of the Northwest Pre-Caspian in comparison to the other three (11.5 ± 1.9% and 0.81 ± 0.18 ind. vs. 8.7 ± 3.8% and 0.48 ± 0.40 ind., respectively). The increase in the Volga–Ural and Betpakdala populations is mainly due to their effective protection and the education of the local people with the support of the Kazakhstan government and international foundations, which significantly reduce the poaching pressure.

中文翻译：

---

俄罗斯和哈萨克斯坦的赛加羚羊种群：一些生物学参数的现状和回顾性分析

摘要

自20世纪初以来，赛加羚羊（Saiga tatarica tataricaL.，1766）由于人类活动而急剧下降了两倍。首次减少后，所有四个赛加羚羊种群（西北里海，乌斯秋尔特，伏尔加河，乌拉尔和贝塔帕达拉）都恢复了生命，到1970-80年代，它们的头目数量超过了100万。但是，在第二次下降之后（自21世纪初以来），仅对伏尔加河，乌拉尔河和Betpakdala这两个种群的有蹄类动物数量有所增加。这项研究的目的是分析这四个种群的生物学参数，并确定使赛加羚羊生活在伏尔加河与乌拉尔河之间的种群和Betpakdala的差异，以克服种群的萧条并恢复其种群数量。20世纪末，赛加羚羊居住的国家/地区的经济形势加剧了偷猎行为，这导致这些有蹄类动物的总数急剧下降至5万。西北里海赛加羚羊种群的主要范围面积减少了50倍，其他三个种群减少了2.4-5倍。季节性迁徙的距离以及动物的参与也有所减少。西北前里海的赛加羚羊种群实际上已经久坐了。数量少的时期的特点是全年发现的不同规模的畜群有所减少；在56–100％的病例中，牲畜数量少于50只。在2000年代初期，表征四个赛加羚羊种群的主要生物学参数具有可比性。而且，在西北里海地区，成年男性的比例和成年女性的成年雌性动物数量比其他三个国家高（分别为11.5±1.9％和0.81±0.18 ind。与8.7±3.8 ％和0.48±0.40 ind。）。伏尔加河，乌拉尔河和Betpakdala人口的增加，主要是由于他们的有效保护以及在哈萨克斯坦政府和国际基金会的支持下对当地人民的教育，这大大降低了偷猎压力。