Conserving large carnivores while keeping people safe depends on finding means for peaceful coexistence. Although large carnivore populations are generally declining globally, some populations are increasing, causing greater overlap with humans and increasing potential for conflict. One method of reducing conflict with large carnivores is to secure attractants like garbage and livestock. This method is effective when implemented; however, implementation requires a change in human behavior. Human-wildlife interaction is a public good collective action problem where solutions require contributions from many and individual actions have effects on others. We used the collective interest model to investigate how individual and collective factors work in concert to influence landowner attractant securing behavior in Montana, USA, in black (Ursus americanus) and grizzly bear (U. arctos) range. We used data from a mail-back survey to develop logistic regression models testing the relative effects of collective and individual factors on landowners' attractant securing behaviors. The most important factor was whether individuals had spoken to a wildlife professional, a reflection of social coordination and pressure. Other collective factors (e.g., social norms [i.e., expectations and behaviors of peers] and the existence of discussion networks [i.e., how much social influence an individual has]) were equally important as individual factors (e.g., beliefs, age, gender) for influencing attractant securing behavior among Montana landowners. This research suggests pathways for wildlife managers and outreach coordinators to increase attractant securing behavior by emphasizing collective factors, such as social norms, rather than appealing exclusively to individual factors, such as risk perception of large carnivores. Furthermore, wildlife agencies would be justified in increasing their efforts to connect with landowners in person and to connect with members of the public who play an important role in discussion networks. This research demonstrates that, even on private lands, collective interests may be a missing and important piece of the puzzle for encouraging voluntary attractant securing behavior and improving wildlife-human coexistence. © 2021 The Wildlife Society.

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集体因素加强个人对人类与野生动物共存的贡献

在保护人类安全的同时保护大型食肉动物取决于寻找和平共处的手段。尽管大型食肉动物种群在全球范围内普遍下降，但一些种群正在增加，导致与人类更多的重叠并增加冲突的可能性。减少与大型食肉动物冲突的一种方法是获取垃圾和牲畜等引诱物。此方法在实施时有效；然而，实施需要改变人类行为。人类与野生动物的互动是一个公益集体行动问题，解决方案需要许多人的贡献，而个人行动会对他人产生影响。我们使用集体利益模型来研究个人和集体因素如何协同作用以影响美国蒙大拿州的土地所有者吸引物安全行为，黑色（Ursus americanus ) 和灰熊 ( U. arctos） 范围。我们使用来自回邮调查的数据来开发逻辑回归模型，以测试集体和个人因素对土地所有者吸引物保护行为的相对影响。最重要的因素是个人是否与野生动物专业人士交谈过，这是社会协调和压力的反映。其他集体因素（例如，社会规范[即，同龄人的期望和行为]和讨论网络的存在[即，一个人有多少社会影响]）与个人因素（例如，信仰、年龄、性别）同等重要影响蒙大拿州土地所有者的引诱剂安全行为。这项研究为野生动物管理者和外展协调员提供了通过强调集体因素（例如社会规范、而不是仅仅针对个体因素，例如大型食肉动物的风险感知。此外，野生动物机构​​有理由加大努力与土地所有者亲自联系并与在讨论网络中发挥重要作用的公众联系。这项研究表明，即使在私人土地上，集体利益也可能是鼓励自愿引诱物安全行为和改善野生动物与人类共存的重要难题之一。© 2021 野生动物协会。这项研究表明，即使在私人土地上，集体利益也可能是鼓励自愿引诱物安全行为和改善野生动物与人类共存的重要难题之一。© 2021 野生动物协会。这项研究表明，即使在私人土地上，集体利益也可能是鼓励自愿引诱物安全行为和改善野生动物与人类共存的重要难题之一。© 2021 野生动物协会。