Riverine ecosystems form a dendritic network in which landscape and catchment-scale properties influence freshwater community structure. Placed in a restoration framework, this suggests that regional drivers can overrule the benefit of measures aiming at improving local habitat quality. Disentangling the relative influence of local and regional drivers on freshwater communities is thus crucial for ecosystem management and restoration. Along riverbanks, soil bioengineering is often used to both control erosion and improve ecological conditions. Soil bioengineering techniques aim at copying naturally functioning riverbank models and can thus be viewed as riparian ecosystem restoration. Nevertheless, these techniques are mostly designed at the local scale and are implemented in a broad range of rivers. This implies large variations in regional drivers, which may greatly influence the response of freshwater communities to restoration efforts. We studied 37 riverbanks, from civil engineering to soil bioengineering, plus natural willow stands, in the foothills of the Alps and Jura Mountains, and assessed the relative influence of local (terrestrial and aquatic habitat conditions) and regional (water quality, hydrological context and land cover composition) drivers on benthic macroinvertebrate assemblages. Using multivariate GLM and structural equation modelling, we investigated variations in the taxonomic and functional composition and in the diversity of native, exotic, shredder and scraper taxa to both set of drivers. Our results showed that soil bioengineering improved local habitat conditions, with an increase in the vegetation density and in the aquatic habitat quality. These changes directly influenced functional composition but indirectly diversity patterns. Instead, we found that native and shredder species richness increased between civil engineered and soil bioengineered structures, suggesting a positive effect of vegetated riverbanks on other local abiotic factors (i.e. shade, water temperature, organic matter supply). Our results also showed that macroinvertebrates were more influenced by regional than by local drivers. Thus, the hydrological context best explained the composition of taxa feeding habits and variation in taxa diversity, with larger abundance and richness of scrapers and shredders in small headwater streams. Land cover ranked second in explaining variation in functional composition. Also, the diversity of natives, scrapers and shredders increased as the proportion of predominantly urban landscapes decreased. Finally, the abundance of scraper and native species increased with water quality, while the richness of exotic species decreased. Overall, these results highlight the hierarchical structure of local and regional drivers on freshwater communities. Along river networks, catchment-scale properties and landscape attributes are major drivers of macroinvertebrate assemblages. Soil bioengineering improves habitat quality and as such appears to be a good compromise solution to control erosion and support freshwater communities, even though this nature-based solution cannot solve anthropogenic pressures at larger scales. To improve the efficiency of restoration efforts, integrated approaches accounting for both local and regional drivers remains a priority.

河流生态系统形成一个树突网络，其中景观和流域尺度特性影响淡水群落结构。放在恢复框架中，这表明区域驱动程序可以否决旨在改善当地栖息地质量的措施的好处。因此，弄清当地和区域驱动因素对淡水社区的相对影响对于生态系统的管理和恢复至关重要。在河岸，土壤生物工程学经常被用来控制侵蚀和改善生态条件。土壤生物工程技术旨在复制自然起作用的河岸模型，因此可以看作是河岸生态系统的恢复。然而，这些技术大多是在地方规模上设计的，并在广泛的河流中得到实施。这意味着区域驱动因素的巨大差异，这可能会极大地影响淡水社区对恢复工作的反应。我们研究了37个从土木工程到土壤生物工程的河岸，以及阿尔卑斯山和侏罗山山麓的天然柳林，并评估了当地（陆地和水生栖息地条件）和区域（水质，水文环境和环境）的相对影响。底栖无脊椎动物组合上的驱动程序。使用多元GLM和结构方程模型，我们研究了两种驱动因素的分类和功能组成的变化以及本机，外来，切碎和刮板分类的多样性。我们的结果表明，土壤生物工程改善了当地的栖息地条件，随着植被密度和水生栖息地质量的增加。这些变化直接影响功能组成，但间接影响多样性模式。取而代之的是，我们发现土木工程和土壤生物工程结构之间的原生和切碎物种丰富度增加，这表明植被河岸对其他当地非生物因素（例如，阴影，水温，有机物供应）具有积极作用。我们的结果还表明，大型无脊椎动物受区域的影响大于受本地驱动器的影响。因此，水文环境最好地解释了生物分类的摄食习性的组成和生物分类多样性的变化，在小源头溪流中刮板和切碎机的丰度和丰富度更高。在解释功能成分的变化方面，土地覆盖率排名第二。还有，当地人的多样性 随着主要城市景观比例的减少，刮板和碎纸机也有所增加。最后，随着水质的提高，刮板和本地物种的丰度增加，而外来物种的丰富度下降。总体而言，这些结果突出了淡水社区中本地和区域驱动因素的等级结构。沿河网，流域尺度的属性和景观属性是大型无脊椎动物群落的主要驱动力。土壤生物工程技术改善了栖息地质量，因此似乎是控制侵蚀和支持淡水社区的一个很好的折衷解决方案，尽管这种基于自然的解决方案无法解决大规模的人为压力。为了提高恢复工作的效率，考虑本地和区域驱动因素的综合方法仍然是优先事项。