ABSTRACT

The Age of Acquisition (AoA) effect results in early-acquired words being processed more quickly and accurately than later-acquired words. This effect is argued to result from a gradual development of semantic representations and a changing neural network throughout development (Chang, Y.-N., Monaghan, P., & Welbourne, S., 2019). Some forms of the Recognition Without Identification (RWI) effects have been observed at a perceptual level. The present study used the RWI paradigm to examine whether the AoA effect is located at the perceptual loci. A total of 174 participants were presented a list of pictures (Experiment 1) or words (Experiment 2) followed by a list of mixed early- and late-acquired picture or word fragments that participants had to identify; half of which corresponded to studied words and half of which to unstudied words. Irrespective of whether the item was identified, participants then rated the likelihood that the item appeared in the study phase. In both experiments, results showed that studied items were recognised more accurately than unstudied items, even when they could not be identified and late-acquired items were recognised more than early-acquired items, even when they were not identified. Finally, RWI interacted with the AoA effect only in pictorial stimuli, suggesting that the RWI and AoA effects are located at the perceptual level.

摘要

习得时代 (AoA) 效应导致早期习得的词比后期习得的词处理得更快、更准确。这种效应被认为是语义表征的逐渐发展和整个发展过程中不断变化的神经网络的结果 (Chang, Y.-N., Monaghan, P., & Welbourne, S., 2019)。某些形式的无识别识别 (RWI) 效应已在感知水平上被观察到。本研究使用 RWI 范式来检查 AoA 效应是否位于感知位点。总共 174 名参与者收到了一系列图片（实验 1）或单词（实验 2），然后是参与者必须识别的混合早期和晚期获得的图片或单词片段列表；其中一半对应于学习过的单词，另一半对应于未学习过的单词。无论该项目是否被识别，参与者都会对项目在研究阶段出现的可能性进行评分。在这两个实验中，结果表明，研究项目比未研究项目更准确地被识别，即使它们无法被识别，而迟获得的项目比早期获得的项目更能被识别，即使它们没有被识别。最后，RWI 仅在图像刺激中与 AoA 效应相互作用，表明 RWI 和 AoA 效应位于感知水平。即使它们无法被识别，而且迟购物品比早购物品更容易被识别，即使它们未被识别也是如此。最后，RWI 仅在图像刺激中与 AoA 效应相互作用，表明 RWI 和 AoA 效应位于感知水平。即使它们无法被识别，而且迟购物品比早购物品更容易被识别，即使它们未被识别也是如此。最后，RWI 仅在图像刺激中与 AoA 效应相互作用，表明 RWI 和 AoA 效应位于感知水平。