We investigated the soil physicochemical property and arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi (AMF) resilience to the degradation and deforestation of a dry evergreen Afromontane forest, the Chilimo Forest (CF). Topsoil (1-10 cm) physicochemical property, AMF spore abundance (SA), and AMF infectivity were determined across four land uses, viz., natural forest (NF), shrubland (ShL), cropland (CrL), and grazing land (GrL). According to the permutational multivariate analysis of variance and nonmetric multidimensional scaling results, soil physicochemical property was resilient to degradation (NF-ShL conversion) but not deforestation (NF-CrL or NF-GrL conversions) of CF. The one-way ANOVA results indicated that most soil physicochemical variables were significantly (p < 0.05) affected by land-use change. Soil organic matter and total nitrogen, in particular, reduced significantly (p < 0.05) by up to 48% and 57% due to NF-CrL and NF-GrL conversions, respectively. Whereas SA was found to be resilient to both CF degradation and deforestation, AMF infectivity was resilient only to NF-CrL conversion. Generally, our results did not show a similar pattern in soil physicochemical property, SA, and AMF infectivity resilience to degradation and deforestation. However, in the case of NF-GrL conversion, both soil physicochemical property and AMF infectivity exhibited significantly (p < 0.05) low resilience. Based on our results, we conclude that soil physicochemical property and AMF are important factors to consider in CF restoration planning. When planting sites are either the croplands or grazing lands, soil amendment could be recommended. AMF inoculation, however, could be recommended when the planting sites are grazing lands. These recommendations may also apply widely to dry evergreen Afromontane forests restoration but additional studies are required.

中文翻译：

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埃塞俄比亚中部干燥常绿非洲山地森林的土壤理化特性和丛枝菌根真菌对退化和森林砍伐的复原力

我们研究了土壤理化特性和丛枝菌根真菌 (AMF) 对干燥常绿非洲山地森林奇利莫森林 (CF) 退化和毁林的恢复能力。表土 (1-10 cm) 理化特性、AMF 孢子丰度 (SA) 和 AMF 感染性在四种土地用途中测定，即天然林 (NF)、灌木地 (ShL)、农田 (CrL) 和牧场 (格）。根据方差的置换多元分析和非度量多维标度结果，土壤理化性质对 CF 的退化（NF-ShL 转换）具有弹性，但对森林砍伐（NF-CrL 或 NF-GrL 转换）没有弹性。单向方差分析结果表明，大多数土壤理化变量显着（p < 0.05) 受土地利用变化的影响。 由于 NF-CrL 和 NF-GrL 转化，土壤有机质和总氮尤其显着降低（p < 0.05），分别高达 48% 和 57%。虽然发现 SA 对 CF 退化和森林砍伐都具有弹性，但 AMF 感染性仅对 NF-CrL 转化具有弹性。一般来说，我们的结果在土壤理化性质、SA 和 AMF 感染性对退化和森林砍伐的恢复能力方面没有显示出类似的模式。然而，在 NF-GrL 转化的情况下，土壤理化性质和 AMF 感染性均表现出显着（p < 0.05) 低弹性。根据我们的结果，我们得出结论，土壤理化性质和 AMF 是 CF 恢复计划中需要考虑的重要因素。当种植地点是农田或牧场时，可以推荐土壤改良剂。但是，当种植地点是牧场时，建议接种 AMF。这些建议也可能广泛适用于干燥的常绿非洲山地森林恢复，但需要进行额外的研究。