Whole-of-government (WOG) approaches have emerged as a blueprint for contemporary peace and state-building operations. Countries contributing civilian and military personnel to multinational interventions are persistently urged to improve coherence and enhance coordination between the ministries that form part of the national contingent. Despite a heated debate about what WOG should look like and how to achieve it, the causal mechanisms of WOG variance remains under-theorised. Based on 47 in-depth, semi-structured interviews, this study compares Swedish and German WOG approaches in the context of the International Security Assistance Force (ISAF). I argue that coalition bargaining drove the fluctuation in the Swedish and German WOG models. Strategic culture was an antecedent condition. In both cases, COIN and the war on terror clashed with foundational elements of the Swedish and German strategic cultures, paving the way for a non-debate on WOG on the political arena. Finally, bureaucratic politics was an intervening condition that obstructed or enabled coherence, depending on the ambition of the incumbent coalition government to progress WOG. Overall, the results suggest that coalitions face limitations in implementing a WOG framework when the nature of the military engagement is highly disputed in national parliaments.

中文翻译：

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整个（联合）政府：比较瑞典和德国在阿富汗的经验

整体政府 (WOG) 方法已成为当代和平与国家建设行动的蓝图。一直敦促为多国干预提供文职和军事人员的国家提高一致性，并加强构成国家特遣队一部分的部委之间的协调。尽管关于 WOG 应该是什么样子以及如何实现它的争论很激烈，但 WOG 差异的因果机制仍然缺乏理论依据。基于 47 次深入的半结构化访谈，本研究比较了瑞典和德国在国际安全援助部队 (ISAF) 环境下的 WOG 方法。我认为联盟谈判推动了瑞典和德国 WOG 模型的波动。战略文化是先决条件。在这两种情况下，COIN 和反恐战争与瑞典和德国战略文化的基础元素发生冲突，为政治舞台上不讨论 WOG 铺平了道路。最后，官僚政治是阻碍或促成一致性的干预条件，这取决于现任联合政府推进 WOG 的雄心。总体而言，结果表明，当军事接触的性质在国家议会中存在高度争议时，联盟在实施 WOG 框架方面面临限制。