This study investigates the development of open access (OA) to journal articles from authors affiliated with German universities and non-university research institutions in the period 2010–2018. Beyond determining the overall share of openly available articles, a systematic classification of distinct categories of OA publishing allowed us to identify different patterns of adoption of OA. Taking into account the particularities of the German research landscape, variations in terms of productivity, OA uptake and approaches to OA are examined at the meso-level and possible explanations are discussed. The development of the OA uptake is analysed for the different research sectors in Germany (universities, non-university research institutes of the Helmholtz Association, Fraunhofer Society, Max Planck Society, Leibniz Association, and government research agencies). Combining several data sources (incl. Web of Science, Unpaywall, an authority file of standardised German affiliation information, the ISSN-Gold-OA 3.0 list, and OpenDOAR), the study confirms the growth of the OA share mirroring the international trend reported in related studies. We found that 45% of all considered articles during the observed period were openly available at the time of analysis. Our findings show that subject-specific repositories are the most prevalent type of OA. However, the percentages for publication in fully OA journals and OA via institutional repositories show similarly steep increases. Enabling data-driven decision-making regarding the implementation of OA in Germany at the institutional level, the results of this study furthermore can serve as a baseline to assess the impact recent transformative agreements with major publishers will likely have on scholarly communication.

本研究调查了2010-2018年间开放访问（OA）对来自德国大学和非大学研究机构的作者的期刊文章的发展。除了确定公开可用文章的总体份额外，OA出版的不同类别的系统分类还使我们能够确定采用OA的不同方式。考虑到德国研究领域的特殊性，在中观水平上研究了生产力，OA吸收和OA方法方面的差异，并讨论了可能的解释。分析了德国不同研究领域（亥姆霍兹协会，弗劳恩霍夫协会，马克斯·普朗克协会，莱布尼兹协会，和政府研究机构）。结合多个数据源（包括Web of Science，Unpaywall，标准的德国隶属关系信息的权威文件，ISSN-Gold-OA 3.0列表和OpenDOAR），该研究证实了OA份额的增长，反映了该国报告的国际趋势。相关研究。我们发现，在分析期间，在观察期内所有考虑的文章中有45％可公开获得。我们的发现表明，特定于对象的存储库是OA中最流行的类型。但是，在完全OA期刊和通过机构存储库中的OA上发表的百分比显示出类似的急剧增长。支持在机构级别上以数据为依据的决策在德国实施OA的决策，