Abstract

Objective

The purpose of this study was to investigate the role of language on neurocognitive test outcomes and concussion symptom ratings in professional football players.

Methods

Design/Setting - A retrospective cross-section analysis of 1546 male Canadian Football League (CFL) athletes was conducted using baseline data collected from the Immediate Post-Concussion Assessment and Cognitive Test (ImPACT) across the 2016–18 competitive seasons. Independent Variables - Participants (1546) were divided into three language categories, native English-speaking, bilingual – whose first language was English, and English as a second language (ESL). Years of education, age, and concussion history were entered as co-variates. Outcome Measure -The 5 Composite scores from ImPACT and the 22 symptoms from the post-concussion symptom scale (PCSS).

Results

Results of the MANCOVA showed no significant differences between language groups on any of the five ImPACT composite scores F(10, 3072) = 1.09, p = 0.36. The Kruskall-Wallis test revealed significant differences were found in three symptoms including dizziness [X²(2, 1486) = 32.85, p < 0.001)], sadness [X²(2, 1486) = 6.505, p = 0.04], and concentration [X²(2, 1486) = 11.01, p = 0.004)] with the bilingual and non-native English speakers having higher scores.

Conclusions

This study suggests that cultural and linguistic differences should be considered when administering CNTs. While differences in cognitive outcomes have not been consistently found across studies, differences in baseline symptom reports have been consistently demonstrated. Information pertaining to a patient’s level of acculturation and language proficiency is important for examiners when working with diverse populations. Continuing to develop language-specific normative databases is encouraged.

中文翻译：

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A-29职业足球运动员神经认知得分和症状报告的语言差异

摘要

客观的

这项研究的目的是调查语言在职业足球运动员中对神经认知测试结果和脑震荡症状评分的作用。

方法

设计/设置-使用从2016-18赛季开始的脑震荡后评估和认知测试（ImPACT）收集的基线数据，对1546名加拿大橄榄球联盟（CFL）运动员进行了回顾性横断面分析。自变量-参与者（1546）分为三类语言，母语为英语，双语（其第一语言为英语和第二语言为英语）。输入教育年限，年龄和脑震荡历史作为协变量。成果评估-来自ImPACT的5个综合评分和来自脑震荡后症状量表（PCSS）的22个症状。

结果

在五个ImPACT综合评分F（10，3072）= 1.09，p = 0.36的任何一个上，MANCOVA的结果显示语言组之间没有显着差异。Kruskall-Wallis检验显示在三种症状中发现了显着差异，包括头晕[X ²（2，1486）= 32.85，p <0.001）]，悲伤[X ²（2，1486）= 6.505，p = 0.04]和浓度[X ²（2，1486）= 11.01，p = 0.004）]，双语和非英语母语者得分更高。

结论

这项研究表明，在管理碳纳米管时应考虑文化和语言上的差异。尽管在各研究中并未始终发现认知结果方面的差异，但基线症状报告中的差异已得到一致证明。与检查者的适应能力和语言水平有关的信息对于检查者在与不同人群一起工作时很重要。鼓励继续开发特定于语言的规范性数据库。