Due to high combustion efficiency and a strong tendency of auto-ignition, diesel fuel is the most important fuel. The main challenge for fluid catalytic cracking (FCC) of diesel is the conversion of heavy hydrocarbons into lower hydrocarbons. The key objective of this study is to mitigate the FCC by using zeolite-Y with SiO₂/Al₂O₃ (40 molar ratio) and its modified forms such as H-form of zeolite-Y (HZ-Y), acid leached zeolite-Y (ALZ-Y), and acid leached H-form of zeolite-Y (ALHZ-Y) was synthesised using sol–gel method and by exchanging hydrogen ion with NH₄⁺ and acid (HNO₃). All the samples were characterised by X-ray diffraction (XRD), Fourier-transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR), gas chromatography (GC-FID) and gas chromatography with mass spectroscopy (GCMS-DB-5) to evaluate the crystal structure, bond deviations and catalytic activity. To find the lighter fractions of heavy diesel by using catalytic activities of prepared zeolite-Y and its modified forms (HZ-Y, ALZ-Y, and ALHZ-Y) were investigated by using the high-pressure autoclave reactor at 400–450 °C. The catalyst to oil ratio (2:8) was used for the cracking process, and degree of catalytic activities of the prepared zeolite-Y and its modified forms (HZ-Y, ALZ-Y, ALHZ-Y) were determined in terms of conversion yield and formation of gasoline. The conversion yield by using zeolite-Y, HZ-Y, ALZ-Y were 90.45, 15 and 14.36%. Recorded zeolite-Y peaks are at 2θ values of 10, 16, 22, 30, 37, 40, 47 and 67°. The FTIR spectrum of the band from 3365 to 3489 cm⁻¹ also called low-frequency band, belongs to the Bronsted-Lowry acid sites. In GC–MS analysis, high and low molecular weight fractions are observed. These findings will be helpful to find the new routes to produce light oil in future. These results provide the change in the morphology of various shapes of Zeolite-Y and obtained the lighter fractions of heavy diesel.

Graphic Abstract

中文翻译：

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量身定制的功能性沸石可作为重烃催化裂化的可持续潜在候选者

由于高燃烧效率和强烈的自燃倾向，柴油是最重要的燃料。柴油的流化催化裂化（FCC）的主要挑战是将重质烃转化为低级烃。这项研究的主要目标是通过使用具有SiO ₂ / Al ₂ O ₃（摩尔比为40）的y型沸石及其改性形式（例如H型Y型沸石）（HZ-Y），酸浸法来减轻FCC。-Y-沸石（ALZ-Y）和Y-沸石（ALHZ-Y）的酸浸出H型通过溶胶-凝胶法合成，并与NH ₄ ⁺和酸（HNO _3）交换氢离子）。所有样品均通过X射线衍射（XRD），傅立叶变换红外光谱（FTIR），气相色谱（GC-FID）和气相色谱-质谱（GCMS-DB-5）进行表征，以评估晶体结构，键偏差和催化活性。利用制得的Y型沸石及其改性形式（HZ-Y，ALZ-Y和ALHZ-Y）的催化活性来寻找较轻的重油馏分，方法是在400–450°C下使用高压釜反应器进行的。 C。将催化剂与油的比例（2：8）用于裂化过程，并根据以下公式确定了制备的Y型沸石及其改性形式（HZ-Y，ALZ-Y，ALHZ-Y）的催化活性程度。转化率和形成汽油。使用沸石-Y，HZ-Y，ALZ-Y的转化率分别为90.45％，15％和14.36％。记录的沸石Y峰在10、16、22、30、37、40、47和67°的2θ值处。3365至3489 cm波段的FTIR光谱^-1，也称为低频带，属于布朗斯台德-劳里酸位点。在GC-MS分析中，观察到了高分子量和低分子量部分。这些发现将有助于寻找未来生产轻油的新途径。这些结果提供了各种形状的Y型沸石的形态变化，并获得了较轻的重柴油馏分。

图形摘要