The commercialization of a new species through aquaculture is much more complex than the mastery of the production process, or closing the loop, as it is sometimes referred to. Commercial aquaculture is a layer within the global seafood industry, much as wild capture is; however, it places human control at a much earlier phase in the life cycle of the harvested product. As an important species on both sides of the Atlantic, the commercialization efforts for the culture of Atlantic cod are described for four locations, Norway, United Kingdom, New England, and Atlantic Canada that highlight many similar technical challenges and the progress made from the late 1980s through 2012. We also describe some of the marketing challenges faced and how they differ. Technically, the species has been commercialized. Hatcheries and farms in all four countries were successfully established. However, there are clear differences in access to capital for research and industrial expansion from both the private and public sector, social acceptance of farmed fish, as well as the impacts on sales when marketing farmed cod in the context of a global seafood supply. Lower cost species substitution, from either the farmed or wild catch, is also a factor that can have a significant impact on long-term successful commercialization.

中文翻译：

---

大西洋鳕鱼养殖：繁荣、萧条和重生？

通过水产养殖实现新物种的商业化比掌握生产过程或闭环复杂得多，有时也称为闭环。商业水产养殖是全球海产品行业的一个层面，就像野生捕捞一样；然而，它将人类控制置于收获产品生命周期的更早阶段。作为大西洋两岸的重要物种，描述了挪威、英国、新英格兰和加拿大大西洋沿岸四个地区的大西洋鳕鱼养殖商业化努力，突出了许多类似的技术挑战和后期取得的进展1980 年代到 2012 年。我们还描述了面临的一些营销挑战以及它们的不同之处。从技术上讲，该物种已经商业化。四个国家的孵化场和养殖场均已成功建立。然而，私营和公共部门在获得用于研究和工业扩张的资金、养殖鱼类的社会接受度以及在全球海产品供应的背景下营销养殖鳕鱼时对销售的影响方面存在明显差异。来自养殖或野生捕捞的低成本物种替代也是对长期成功商业化产生重大影响的一个因素。