Indonesia has experienced one of the world's fastest plantation expansions. Plantation growth is indeed an economic solution to meet the market's needs, but the accompanying environmental damage and social conflict are at odds with sustainability goals. Various actors with interests in land compete with the power they have. The most powerful actors have controlled land use based on their decisions. Accordingly, this paper presents empirical evidence to understand the important role of powerful actors in land-use contestation in oil palm and industrial plantation forests. It focused on analyzing power actors and social networks to help policymakers understand these powerful actors and take steps toward good governance. We conducted a focus group discussion (FGD), field interviews, and observations as well as implemented the actor-centered power (ACP) approach and social networks analysis (SNA). The combination of these two methods aims to improve the ACP approach by explaining how actors form coalitions with one another so that the strongest and most prominent beneficiary actors can be identified. We found that actors at the site level are powerful actors, whereas those with the highest authority in the hierarchy do not have power in land-use control. Village officials are powerful actors, as they are the central figures in the network and mostly use dominant information to weaken other actors. Village officials with strategic positions in the network have the most connections and play a bridging role between actors from different subgroups in the network. Powerful actors who can control the use of natural resources must be involved in determining strategies to improve natural resource governance and implement such a process at the site level.

印度尼西亚经历了世界上最快的人工林扩张之一。人工林的增长确实是满足市场需求的经济解决方案，但是随之而来的环境破坏和社会冲突与可持续发展目标背道而驰。对土地感兴趣的各种参与者都在与他们拥有的权力竞争。最有影响力的参与者根据他们的决定控制了土地的使用。因此，本文提供了经验证据，以了解强有力的参与者在油棕和工业人工林的土地使用竞争中的重要作用。它专注于分析权力参与者和社交网络帮助决策者了解这些强大的参与者，并采取步骤进行善政。我们进行了焦点小组讨论（FGD），现场访谈和观察，并实施了以演员为中心的权力（ACP）方法和社交网络分析（SNA）。这两种方法的结合旨在通过解释参与者之间如何形成联盟来改进ACP方法，从而确定最强大和最突出的受益者。我们发现，站点级别的角色是强大的角色，而在层次结构中具有最高权限的角色则没有土地使用控制权。村官是强有力的行动者，因为他们是网络中的核心人物，并且大多利用主导信息削弱其他行动者。在网络中具有战略地位的村官联系最多，并且在网络中不同小组的参与者之间起着桥梁作用。能够控制自然资源使用的有力行动者必须参与确定战略，以改善自然资源治理并在站点级别实施此过程。