The mason wasp Odynerus spinipes shows an exceptional case of intrasexual cuticular hydrocarbon (CHC) profile dimorphism. Females of this species display one of two CHC profiles (chemotypes) that differ qualitatively and quantitatively from each other. The ratio of the two chemotypes was previously shown to be close to 1:1 at three sites in Southern Germany, which might not be representative given the Palearctic distribution of the species. To infer the frequency of the two chemotypes across the entire distributional range of the species, we analyzed with GC–MS the CHC profile of 1042 dry-mounted specimens stored in private and museum collections. We complemented our sampling by including 324 samples collected and preserved specifically for studying their CHCs. We were capable of reliably identifying the chemotypes in 91% of dry-mounted samples, some of which collected almost 200 years ago. We found both chemotypes to occur in the Far East, the presumed glacial refuge of the species, and their frequency to differ considerably between sites and geographic regions. The geographic structure in the chemotype frequencies could be the result of differential selection regimes and/or different dispersal routes during the colonization of the Western Palearctic. The presented data pave the route for disentangling these factors by providing information where to geographically sample O. spinipes for population genetic analyses. They also form the much-needed basis for future studies aiming to understand the evolutionary and geographic origin as well as the genetics of the astounding CHC profile dimorphism that O. spinipes females exhibit.

石匠黄蜂Odynerus spinipes显示出性内表皮碳氢化合物 (CHC) 剖面二态性的特殊情况。该物种的雌性表现出两种在质量和数量上彼此不同的 CHC 特征（化学型）之一。先前在德国南部的三个地点显示两种化学型的比例接近 1:1，考虑到该物种的古北区分布，这可能不具有代表性。为了推断该物种整个分布范围内两种化学型的频率，我们使用 GC-MS 分析了私人和博物馆收藏的 1042 个干装标本的 CHC 谱。我们补充了我们的抽样，包括专门为研究其 CHC 而收集和保存的 324 个样本。我们能够可靠地识别 91% 的干装样品中的化学型，其中一些样品是在近 200 年前收集的。我们发现这两种化学型都发生在远东，即该物种的推测的冰川避难所，并且它们的频率在地点和地理区域之间存在很大差异。化学型频率的地理结构可能是古北界西部殖民期间差异选择机制和/或不同扩散路线的结果。所提供的数据通过提供在何处对O. spinipes进行地理采样以进行群体遗传分析的信息，为理清这些因素铺平了道路。它们还为未来的研究奠定了急需的基础，这些研究旨在了解O. spinipes雌性所表现出的令人震惊的 CHC 谱二态性的进化和地理起源以及遗传学。