In lieu of an abstract, here is a brief excerpt of the content:

• Ahoy, Red Rock!—American Mining Investors in Cedros Island, Baja California
• Francisco Alberto Núñez Tapia (bio)

The islands of Baja California had a compelling role in the developing economy of the Southwest of the United States predominantly in the last decade of the nineteenth century and at the turn of the twentieth century, because the Mexican government could not surveil its own maritime space in the northwest part of the country and this resulted in American ventures that exploited its natural resources that went unsanctioned the vast majority of the time. In regarding the ore deposits, Cedros Island was heavily sought out by different American companies due to its large mineral veins that needed to be exploited legally, as a result of large investments they had to spend to make it work.

In this article, I present my ongoing research regarding the American companies that operated in Cedros Island between 1889 and 1914; the question posed is what led them to invest in a desolate island of Baja California and if there were significant implications in this binational region regarding the mining activities carried out on the island. The importance of this study is to understand why the resources that were exploited and trafficked were of interest mostly to the Southern California economy, and its connections to the mining sectors of the Southwest of the United States.

Likewise, the importance of this story is to shed light on mining activities carried out in Baja California that, although local scholars have approached it in the mainland mining districts of the region, they have failed to study it on the islands adjacent to the peninsula; the ore deposits found in Cedros Island comprise one of those cases. [End Page 1]

The Region's Historical Background

The emergence of the mining activity in Baja California was developed mainly by the establishment and growth of the maritime ports of the region, primarily the one in Ensenada de Todos Santos, and Baja's intense mining relationship with the state of California. Maritime transport played a key role in the development of Ensenada de Todos Santos and in 1877, the political chief and commander of the territory, Andrés L. Tapia, opened the port to trade, christening it Puerto México, and installed a customs office for the basic work of collecting duties.¹

But although Tapia opened and recognized the port of Ensenada (as Puerto México) in 1877, the Mexican government approved it on October 26, 1880, when the opening of the port was confirmed by an official decree and the name of Puerto México was dropped. Once it was opened to trade, the importance of goods that arrived and left the port was the main argument for the request to change the capital of the northern territory of Baja California, located in the mining town of Real del Castillo at that time, to Ensenada. From 1882 to 1915, due to the growth of maritime traffic within its geographical space, Ensenada was the capital of the territory because it was the easiest route of immediate communication between the inhabitants of the region with both California and the rest of the nation.

Finally, when the port of Ensenada de Todos Santos was established as the closest to the United States in the Pacific, the comparative advantage reduced costs, both of accounting and political transactions, as well as those provided for different vessels that arrived at the port. The medium-term result was increased international trade volume; greater ease of export and import of all kinds of goods, resources, and raw materials; as well as a strategic point that functioned as a node or center for the formation of a future hinterland.

In 1886, four years after the capital had changed to Ensenada due to its port activities, a steam trade route was established with weekly journeys between the Mexican port and the port of San Diego in California. This dynamic favored the inhabitants of Ensenada who were able to trade and know the events that took place in both nations through publications or firsthand when they moved aboard the boats that functioned as cargo ships and as transports for...

中文翻译：

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嗨，红岩！—美国下加利福尼亚州塞德罗斯岛的美国矿业投资者

代替摘要，这里是内容的简要摘录：

• 嗨，红岩！—美国下加利福尼亚州塞德罗斯岛的美国矿业投资者
• 弗朗西斯科·阿尔贝托·努涅斯·塔皮亚（生物）

下加利福尼亚州的岛屿在美国西南部发展中的经济中起着举足轻重的作用，主要是在19世纪的最后十年和20世纪初，因为墨西哥政府无法在该国的西北部地区，这导致美国企业利用其自然资源进行开采，而这些自然资源在大多数情况下都没有得到批准。在矿床方面，塞德罗斯岛（Cedros Island）因其巨大的矿脉需要大量合法投资，因此要投入大量资金才能使它运转，因此遭到了许多美国公司的强烈追捧。

在本文中，我介绍了我对1889年至1914年在塞德罗斯岛经营的美国公司的持续研究。提出的问题是，是什么促使他们在荒芜的下加利福尼亚州进行投资，以及这个双边地区对该岛进行的采矿活动是否有重大影响。这项研究的重要性是要了解为什么开采和贩运的资源对南加州经济及其与美国西南部采矿业的联系最感兴趣。

同样，这个故事的重要性在于阐明在下加利福尼亚州进行的采矿活动，尽管当地学者在该地区的内陆采矿区接触过该采矿活动，但他们并未在半岛附近的岛屿上进行研究；在塞德罗斯岛发现的矿床就是其中一种。[结束页1]

Ť他[R egion的^ h istorical乙ackground

下加利福尼亚州采矿活动的兴起主要是由于该地区海上港口（主要是Ensenada de Todos Santos中的一个港口）的建立和增长以及巴贾与加利福尼亚州的紧密采矿关系而发展起来的。海上运输在Ensenada de Todos Santos的发展中起着关键作用。1877年，该地区的政治首领兼司令安德烈斯·L·塔皮亚（AndrésL. Tapia）开通了贸易港口，将其命名为墨西哥港，并为该港口设立了海关。履行职责的基础工作。^1个

但是，尽管塔皮亚（Tapia）于1877年开放并承认恩塞纳达（墨西哥港）港口，但墨西哥政府于1880年10月26日批准了该港口，当时正式的法令确认了该港口的开放，并取消了墨西哥港的名称。一旦开放贸易，到达和离开港口的货物的重要性便成为要求将当时位于雷亚尔·卡斯蒂略采矿镇的下加利福尼亚州北部领土的首府改为现在的主要论据。恩塞纳达。从1882年到1915年，由于海上交通在其地理空间内的增长，恩塞纳达（Ensenada）是该领土的首府，因为它是该地区居民与加利福尼亚州以及美国其他地区之间进行即时交流的最简便途径。

最后，当Ensenada de Todos Santos港口被建立为太平洋上最靠近美国的港口时，比较优势降低了会计和政治交易成本以及为到达该港口的不同船只提供的成本。中期结果是国际贸易量增加。更加方便地进出口各种商品，资源和原材料；以及作为形成未来腹地的节点或中心的战略要点。

1886年，在首都因港口活动而变更为恩塞纳达（Ensenada）四年后，建立了一条蒸汽贸易路线，每周有往返墨西哥港口和加利福尼亚圣地亚哥港口的旅程。这种动力有利于恩塞纳达（Ensenada）的居民，当他们登上用作货船和运输工具的船只时，他们能够通过出版物或第一手的资料进行交易并了解两国发生的事件。