ABSTRACT

In India, close to 70 million people live in urban slums, which has forced policymakers to pursue aggressive slum upgrading programs. However, without a thorough understanding of individual households’ slum formalization preferences, in situ slum upgrading and relocation projects often encounter challenges and resistance from the slum dwellers. This article explores the interconnections among slum dwellers’ willingness to participate in situ slum upgrading and slum relocation projects, informality in the built environment, and neighborhood insecurity in the slums of Bihar, India. We examine these questions using the primary household survey conducted in 2016–2017 as part of a project on urban slums of the four largest cities in Bihar. The regression analysis shows that slum dwellers are more likely to accept in situ slum upgrading when they perceive a pressing need for housing and basic amenities. In situ slum upgrading often leads to temporary relocation and smaller dwellings. Slum dwellers are more likely to participate in relocation programs when they feel their neighborhoods are insecure, and when they have experienced violent resolutions to conflicts. These findings imply that the provision of basic infrastructure, including safety and security, could affect slum dwellers’ slum upgrading decision-making.

摘要

在印度，将近7000万人生活在城市贫民窟中，这迫使政策制定者推行激进的贫民窟改造计划。但是，在不全面了解单个家庭的贫民窟形式化偏好的情况下，原位贫民窟改造和搬迁项目经常遇到贫民窟居民的挑战和阻力。本文探讨了贫民窟居民参与现场贫民窟改造和贫民窟迁移项目，建筑环境的非正式性以及印度比哈尔邦贫民窟的邻里不安全之间的相互联系。我们使用2016-2017年进行的主要家庭调查研究了这些问题，这是比哈尔邦四个最大城市的城市贫民窟项目的一部分。回归分析表明，当贫民窟居民意识到住房和基本便利设施的迫切需求时，他们更有可能接受就地贫民窟改造。贫民窟原位改造通常会导致临时安置和较小的住房。当贫民窟居民感到邻里不安全，并且经历了暴力冲突解决方案时，他们更有可能参加搬迁计划。这些发现表明，包括安全和保障在内的基本基础设施的提供可能会影响贫民窟居民的贫民窟改造决策。当他们经历了暴力冲突解决方案时。这些发现表明，包括安全和保障在内的基本基础设施的提供可能会影响贫民窟居民的贫民窟改造决策。当他们经历了暴力冲突解决方案时。这些发现表明，包括安全和保障在内的基本基础设施的提供可能会影响贫民窟居民的贫民窟改造决策。