Weedy rice (Oryza sativa f. spontanea or O. sativa complex) has become a severe threat to Malaysian rice (Oryza sativa L.) granaries after the direct-seeding method of rice cultivation was introduced in the late 1980s. Since then, researchers have studied the biology and ecology of weedy rice and espoused the evolutionary theory of the origin of Malaysian weedy rice. This review paper aimed to synthesize the body of knowledge about weedy rice and the evolution of herbicide-resistant (HR) weedy rice in Malaysia. The imidazolinone (IMI) herbicide component of the Clearfield® Production System (CPS) rice package is among the most effective tools for weedy rice control. However, dependence solely on this technology and farmers’ ignorance about the appropriate use of IMI herbicides with the CPS rice package have resulted in the evolution of IMI-resistant (IMI-R) weedy rice. This has reduced the efficacy of IMI herbicides on weedy rice, ultimately nullifying the benefit of CPS rice in affected fields. At present, it is assumed that IMI-R weedy rice populations are widely distributed across the rice granaries in Malaysia. Therefore, it is important that integrated management measures be adopted comprehensively by Malaysian rice growers to curb the spread of IMI-R weedy rice problem in Malaysia, especially in fields planted with CPS rice. This review focuses on the biology of Malaysian weedy rice, the history of the establishment of weedy rice in Malaysian rice fields, the impact of HR rice technology on the evolution of IMI-R weedy rice in Malaysia, the distribution of resistant weedy rice populations across Peninsular Malaysia rice granaries, the weedy rice resistance mechanisms, and weedy rice management. The synthesis of all this information is helpful to researchers, policy makers, the private agricultural industry, advisers to farmers, and proactive farmers themselves with the goal of working toward sustainable rice production.

中文翻译：

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马来西亚抗咪唑啉酮杂草稻的演变：现状

杂草饭（水稻F。自发性要么苜蓿复杂）已成为对马来西亚大米的严重威胁（水稻L.) 1980 年代后期引入水稻直播种植方法后的粮仓。从那时起，研究人员开始研究杂草稻的生物学和生态学，并支持马来西亚杂草稻起源的进化论。这篇综述论文旨在综合有关杂草稻的知识体系和马来西亚抗除草剂 (HR) 杂草稻的演变。Clearfield® 生产系统 (CPS) 水稻包装中的咪唑啉酮 (IMI) 除草剂成分是控制水稻杂草最有效的工具之一。然而，仅仅依赖这项技术以及农民对 CPS 稻米包装中适当使用 IMI 除草剂的无知导致了抗 IMI (IMI-R) 杂草稻的发展。这降低了 IMI 除草剂对杂草稻米的功效，最终抵消了 CPS 水稻在受影响田地中的益处。目前，假设 IMI-R 杂草稻种群广泛分布在马来西亚的稻谷中。因此，马来西亚水稻种植者必须全面采取综合管理措施，以遏制 IMI-R 杂草稻问题在马来西亚的蔓延，特别是在种植 CPS 水稻的田间。这篇综述的重点是马来西亚杂草稻的生物学、马来西亚稻田中杂草稻的建立历史、HR水稻技术对马来西亚IMI-R杂草稻进化的影响、抗性杂草稻种群的分布。马来西亚半岛稻谷、杂草稻抗性机制和杂草稻管理。所有这些信息的综合对研究人员都有帮助，