Background:

In accordance with recommendations from The United Nations’ Chief Executives Board of Coordination, several countries are in the process of reforming their punitive drug policies towards health-based approaches – from punishment to help. The Portuguese model of decriminalisation is generally seen as a good model for other countries and has been scientifically described in favourable terms, and not much scrutinised.

Method:

This article draws on foucauldian archaeological and genealogical approaches in order to understand and compare governance logics of the 19th century Norwegian sobriety boards and 21st century Portuguese commissions. In doing this, we problematize contemporary drug policy reform discussions that point to the “Portuguese model”, which aims to stop punishing and start helping drug-dependent people, are problematised.

Findings:

The Portuguese commissions investigate whether drug-using people are dependent or not. Dependency, circumstances of consumption and their economy are considered when the commission decides on penalising, assisting, or treating the person, or a combination of all this. This model was studied alongside the Norwegian sobriety boards mandated by the Sobriety Act that was implemented in 1932. Sobriety boards governed poor alcoholics. Authorities from the sobriety movement were central in creating sobriety policies that culminated in sobriety boards. The Portuguese commissions have similarities to Norwegian sobriety boards. They make use of sanctions and treatment to govern people who use illicit substances to make them abstain, with the view that this is emancipatory for these people. The different apparatuses have distinct and different ways of making up, and governing their subjects.

Conclusion:

This article contributes to debates on drug policy reforms and aims to investigate whether they might produce biopower effects of governance masked by an emancipatory language. There is a need for critical studies on drug policy reforms to avoid policies that maintain divisions and control marginalised populations.

中文翻译：

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关于人道毒品政策的生命政治：我们可以从 19 世纪的戒酒委员会学到什么？

背景：

根据联合国行政首长协调委员会的建议，一些国家正在改革其惩罚性毒品政策，转向基于健康的方法——从惩罚转向帮助。葡萄牙的非刑罪化模式普遍被视为其他国家的良好模式，并以有利的措辞进行了科学描述，但并未受到太多审查。

方法：

本文借鉴福柯的考古学和谱系学方法，旨在理解和比较 19 世纪挪威清醒委员会和 21 世纪葡萄牙委员会的治理逻辑。在此过程中，我们对当代毒品政策改革讨论提出了问题，这些讨论指向“葡萄牙模式”，旨在停止惩罚并开始帮助吸毒成瘾者，这是有问题的。

发现：

葡萄牙委员会调查吸毒者是否有依赖性。当委员会决定惩罚、援助或治疗该人，或所有这些的组合时，会考虑依赖性、消费情况及其经济状况。这一模式是与 1932 年实施的《清醒法案》授权设立的挪威清醒委员会一起进行研究的。清醒委员会负责管理贫困的酗酒者。清醒运动的权威在制定清醒政策方面发挥了核心作用，最终形成了清醒委员会。葡萄牙委员会与挪威清醒委员会有相似之处。他们利用制裁和待遇来治理那些使用非法药物的人，使他们戒掉，认为这对这些人来说是一种解放。不同的机构有不同的方式来组成和管理它们的主题。

结论：

本文为有关毒品政策改革的辩论做出贡献，旨在调查它们是否可能产生被解放语言掩盖的治理的生物权力效应。有必要对毒品政策改革进行批判性研究，以避免维持分裂和控制边缘人群的政策。