Crop raiding ungulates can cause costly yield losses and conflicts between agriculture, game management, and conservation. It is therefore crucial to know how, where, and when ungulates use different habitats and crops. In this study we used resource selection functions and GPS-tagged red deer Cervus elaphus (n = 38) in two different study areas (North – mainly forested land and South – mainly arable land), to investigate how red deer use arable land and different crop types in relation to availability and distance to forest cover in Sweden. Our study shows a transitional use of arable land and forests by red deer. Red deer spend on average 45% and 21% of their time in arable land in South and North respectively. In the North, arable land was selected while forest and wetlands were selected in the South. The selection of different crops also differed between the two study areas, for example rapeseed was highly selected during both seasons in South while it was used to a lower degree in relation to its availability in the North. In both study areas the probability of red deer presence on the agricultural fields decreased with distance to forest. The significant use of arable land and unharvested crops by the increasing red deer population in Sweden highlights a risk for crop damage that may need further consideration for farming practices as well as for damage and wildlife management. In our case damage mitigation should focus on rapeseed in the South, whereas there is a less clear pattern of selection among growing crops in the North. The differences in habitat and crop selection between the two areas also highlights the need of knowledge about red deer habitat selection at a regional level to be able to adapt damage mitigation and wildlife management strategies accordingly. Moreover, the transitional use of arable land and forests by red deer in mixed landscapes may imply that consumption of certain crops can affect browsing patterns and damage levels within forests and vice versa, that may have implication for both agriculture and forestry and calls for future studies.

有蹄类动物的无蹄可导致高昂的产量损失以及农业，猎物管理和保护之间的冲突。因此，了解有蹄类动物如何，在何时何地使用不同的栖息地和农作物至关重要。在这项研究中，我们使用了资源选择功能和带有GPS标签的马鹿鹿（n = 38）在两个不同的研究区域（北部-主要为林地，南部-主要为耕地），以研究马鹿如何利用瑞典耕地和不同作物类型，以了解瑞典的可获得性和与森林覆盖的距离。我们的研究表明，马鹿对耕地和森林的过渡利用。马鹿分别平均在南部和北部的耕地上花费其时间的45％和21％。在北部，选择耕地，在南部，选择森林和湿地。在两个研究区域之间，不同作物的选择也有所不同，例如，在南方的两个季节中，油菜籽的选择都很高，而相对于北方的可用性，菜籽的使用程度较低。在两个研究区域中，马鹿出现在农田中的可能性都随着与森林距离的增加而降低。瑞典马鹿种群的增加对可耕地和未收割作物的大量使用突显出作物受损的风险，可能需要进一步考虑耕作方式以及损害和野生动植物管理。在我们的案例中，减轻损害的重点应放在南部的油菜籽上，而在北部的种植作物中，选择的方式就不太清楚了。这两个地区在生境和农作物选择方面的差异也凸显了需要在区域层面上了解马鹿生境选择的知识，以便能够相应地适应减灾和野生动植物管理策略。此外，马鹿在混合景观中过渡性地使用耕地和森林可能意味着某些作物的消费会影响森林内的浏览模式和破坏程度，反之亦然，