ABSTRACT

After the 2001 9/11 terrorist attacks in New York, attention to informal migrant remittance flows were increasingly seen as a tool for terrorism financing due to their lack of oversight. After increased regulation was deemed to have the adverse impact of reducing the appeal of formal alternatives, security scholars and practitioners resorted to formalisation policies through transfer fee reductions that make formal options more accessible. In international development circles, similar policies gained traction. International commitments, such as the Sustainable Development Goals (SDG 10c) and objective 20 of the 2018 Global Compact for Safe, Orderly and Regular Migration, aim to lower transfer fees to promote remittance growth and alleviate poverty. This article scrutinises the shift in remittance policy framing, primarily driven by security concerns, to promote development. Findings suggest the 9/11 terrorist attacks provided the punctuation that gave institutions the policy tractability to act upon pre-existing privatisation motives within Bretton-Woods institutions. The findings contribute to the understanding of policy creation and the cross-pollination of policies in the security-development space.

摘要

在2001年纽约9/11恐怖袭击之后，人们对非正式移民汇款的关注由于缺乏监督而日益被视为资助恐怖主义的工具。在人们认为加强监管对降低正式替代方案的吸引力有不利影响之后，安全学者和从业人员通过降低转让费来诉诸正规化政策，使正式选择权更易获得。在国际发展界，类似的政策受到了关注。国际承诺，例如可持续发展目标（SDG 10c）和2018年安全，有序和正常移民全球契约的目标20，旨在降低转移费用以促进汇款增长和减轻贫困。本文详细研究了汇款政策框架的变化，主要由安全问题驱动，以促进发展。调查结果表明，9/11恐怖袭击提供了标点符号，使机构具有政策上的灵活性，可以根据布雷顿森林体系内既有的私有化动机采取行动。这些发现有助于理解安全开发领域中的策略创建和策略的交叉授粉。