In this article, we investigate a puzzle for standard accounts of reference in natural language processing, psycholinguistics and pragmatics: occasions where, following an initial reference (e.g., the ice ), a subsequent reference is achieved using the same noun phrase (i.e., the ice ), as opposed to an anaphoric form (i.e., it ). We argue that such non-anaphoric reference can be understood as motivated by a central principle: the expression of agency in interaction. In developing this claim, we draw upon research in what may initially appear a wholly unconnected domain: the marking of epistemic and deontic stance, standardly investigated in linguistics as turn-level grammatical phenomena. Examination of naturally-occurring talk reveals that to analyze such stances solely though the lens of turn-level resources (e.g., modals) is to address only partially the means by which participants make epistemic and deontic claims in everyday discourse. Speakers’ use of referential expressions illustrates a normative dimension of grammar that incorporates both form and position, thereby affording speakers the ability to actively depart from this form-position norm through the use of a repeated NP, a grammatical practice that we show is associated with the expression of epistemic and deontic authority. It is argued that interactants can thus be seen to be agentively mobilizing the resources of grammar to accommodate the inescapable temporality of interaction.

中文翻译：

---

无照应的参考：通过语法的代理

在本文中，我们研究了有关自然语言处理，心理语言学和语用学中的标准参照说明的一个谜题：在最初的参照（例如“冰”）之后，使用相同的名词短语（即，冰），而不是照应形式（即it）。我们认为，这种非照应性指称可以理解为受中心原则驱使的：互动中代理的表达。在提出这一主张时，我们在可能最初看起来完全不相关的领域中进行研究：认知和道义立场的标记，在语言学中通常将其作为转折式语法现象进行研究。对自然而然的谈话进行的调查表明，仅通过回合级资源（例如，情态”仅部分解决参与者在日常话语中进行认知和灵性主张的方式。演讲者对指称表达的使用说明了语法的规范维度，该维度包含了形式和位置，从而使演讲者能够通过使用重复的NP积极地偏离这种形式-位置规范，这是我们展示的一种语法实践认识和权威的表达。有人认为，互动者因此可以看作是积极调动语法资源来适应不可避免的互动时间性。演讲者对指称表达的使用说明了语法的规范维度，该维度包含了形式和位置，从而使演讲者能够通过使用重复的NP积极地偏离这种形式-位置规范，这是我们展示的一种语法实践认识和权威的表达。有人认为，互动者因此可以看作是积极调动语法资源来适应不可避免的互动时间性。演讲者对指称表达的使用说明了语法的规范维度，该维度包含了形式和位置，从而使演讲者能够通过使用重复的NP积极地偏离这种形式-位置规范，这是我们展示的一种语法实践认识和权威的表达。有人认为，互动者因此可以看作是积极调动语法资源来适应不可避免的互动时间性。