Abstract

Background:

Glyphosate (GLY) is the most heavily used herbicide in the world. Despite nearly ubiquitous exposure, few studies have examined prenatal GLY exposure and potentially adverse pregnancy outcomes. Preterm birth (PTB) is a risk factor for neonatal mortality and adverse health effects in childhood.

Objectives:

We examined prenatal exposure to GLY and a highly persistent environmental degradate of GLY, aminomethylphosphonic acid (AMPA), and odds of PTB in a nested case–control study within the ongoing Puerto Rico Testsite for Exploring Contamination Threats (PROTECT) pregnancy cohort in northern Puerto Rico.

Methods:

GLY and AMPA in urine samples collected at $18\pm 2$ (Visit 1) and $26\pm 2$ (Visit 3) wk gestation (53 cases/194 randomly selected controls) were measured using gas chromatography tandem mass spectrometry. Multivariable logistic regression was used to estimate associations with PTB (delivery $<37\mathrm{wk}$ completed gestation).

Results:

Detection rates in controls were 77.4% and 77.5% for GLY and 52.8% and 47.7% for AMPA, and geometric means (geometric standard deviations) were 0.44 (2.50) and 0.41 $\left(2.56\right)\mathrm{\mu }\mathrm{g}/\mathrm{L}$ for GLY and 0.25 (3.06) and 0.20 $\left(2.87\right)\mathrm{\mu }\mathrm{g}/\mathrm{L}$ for AMPA, for Visits 1 and 3, respectively. PTB was significantly associated with specific gravity–corrected urinary GLY and AMPA at Visit 3, whereas associations with levels at Visit 1 and the Visits 1–3 average were largely null or inconsistent. Adjusted odds ratios (ORs) for an interquartile range increase in exposure at Visit 3 were 1.35 (95% CI: 0.99, 1.83) and 1.67 (95% CI: 1.26, 2.20) for GLY and AMPA, respectively. ORs for Visit 1 and the visit average were closer to the null.

Discussion:

Urine GLY and AMPA levels in samples collected near the 26th week of pregnancy were associated with increased odds of PTB in this modestly sized nested case–control study. Given the widespread use of GLY, multiple potential sources of AMPA, and AMPA’s persistence in the environment, as well as the potential for long-term adverse health effects in preterm infants, further investigation in other populations is warranted. https://doi.org/10.1289/EHP7295

中文翻译：

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产前接触草甘膦及其环境降解物、氨甲基膦酸 (AMPA) 和早产：PROTECT 队列中的一项巢式病例对照研究（波多黎各）

 抽象的

 背景：

草甘膦 (GLY) 是世界上使用最广泛的除草剂。尽管接触几乎无处不在，但很少有研究探讨产前 GLY 接触和潜在的不良妊娠结局。早产 (PTB) 是新生儿死亡和儿童期健康不良影响的危险因素。

 目标：

我们在一项巢式病例对照研究中检查了 GLY 的产前暴露以及 GLY、氨甲基膦酸 (AMPA) 的高度持久环境降解以及 PTB 的几率，该研究是在波多黎各北部正在进行的波多黎各污染威胁试验场 (PROTECT) 妊娠队列中进行的。里科.

 方法：

收集的尿样中的 GLY 和 AMPA$\mathrm{<span\; data-immersive-translate-walked="b90662bf-671b-4ec7-af48-7f261cfdf58c">18</span>}<span\; data-immersive-translate-walked="b90662bf-671b-4ec7-af48-7f261cfdf58c">\pm </span>\mathrm{<span\; data-immersive-translate-walked="b90662bf-671b-4ec7-af48-7f261cfdf58c">2</span>}$ （访问 1）和$\mathrm{<span\; data-immersive-translate-walked="b90662bf-671b-4ec7-af48-7f261cfdf58c">26</span>}<span\; data-immersive-translate-walked="b90662bf-671b-4ec7-af48-7f261cfdf58c">\pm </span>\mathrm{<span\; data-immersive-translate-walked="b90662bf-671b-4ec7-af48-7f261cfdf58c">2</span>}$ （访视 3）使用气相色谱串联质谱法测量妊娠周（53 例/194 名随机选择的对照）。使用多变量逻辑回归来估计与 PTB（分娩$<span\; data-immersive-translate-walked="b90662bf-671b-4ec7-af48-7f261cfdf58c"><</span>\mathrm{<span\; data-immersive-translate-walked="b90662bf-671b-4ec7-af48-7f261cfdf58c">37</span>}\mathrm{<span\; data-immersive-translate-walked="b90662bf-671b-4ec7-af48-7f261cfdf58c">周</span>}$妊娠完成）。

 结果：

对照中 GLY 的检出率为 77.4% 和 77.5%，AMPA 的检出率为 52.8% 和 47.7%，几何平均值（几何标准差）分别为 0.44 (2.50) 和 0.41$<span\; data-immersive-translate-walked="b90662bf-671b-4ec7-af48-7f261cfdf58c">（</span>\mathrm{<span\; data-immersive-translate-walked="b90662bf-671b-4ec7-af48-7f261cfdf58c">2.56</span>}<span\; data-immersive-translate-walked="b90662bf-671b-4ec7-af48-7f261cfdf58c">）</span>\mathrm{<span\; data-immersive-translate-walked="b90662bf-671b-4ec7-af48-7f261cfdf58c">\mu </span>}\mathrm{<span\; data-immersive-translate-walked="b90662bf-671b-4ec7-af48-7f261cfdf58c">G</span>}<span\; data-immersive-translate-walked="b90662bf-671b-4ec7-af48-7f261cfdf58c">/</span>\mathrm{<span\; data-immersive-translate-walked="b90662bf-671b-4ec7-af48-7f261cfdf58c">L</span>}$对于 GLY 和 0.25 (3.06) 和 0.20$<span\; data-immersive-translate-walked="b90662bf-671b-4ec7-af48-7f261cfdf58c">（</span>\mathrm{<span\; data-immersive-translate-walked="b90662bf-671b-4ec7-af48-7f261cfdf58c">2.87</span>}<span\; data-immersive-translate-walked="b90662bf-671b-4ec7-af48-7f261cfdf58c">）</span>\mathrm{<span\; data-immersive-translate-walked="b90662bf-671b-4ec7-af48-7f261cfdf58c">\mu </span>}\mathrm{<span\; data-immersive-translate-walked="b90662bf-671b-4ec7-af48-7f261cfdf58c">G</span>}<span\; data-immersive-translate-walked="b90662bf-671b-4ec7-af48-7f261cfdf58c">/</span>\mathrm{<span\; data-immersive-translate-walked="b90662bf-671b-4ec7-af48-7f261cfdf58c">L</span>}$对于 AMPA，分别用于访问 1 和 3。 PTB 与第 3 次访视时的比重校正尿 GLY 和 AMPA 显着相关，而与第 1 次访视和第 1-3 次访视平均水平的关联基本上为零或不一致。对于 GLY 和 AMPA，第 3 次访视时暴露量四分位数范围增加的调整后优势比 (OR) 分别为 1.35 (95% CI: 0.99, 1.83) 和 1.67 (95% CI: 1.26, 2.20)。访问 1 和访问平均值的 OR 更接近零。

 讨论：

在这项中等规模的巢式病例对照研究中，妊娠第 26 周附近收集的样本中的尿液 GLY 和 AMPA 水平与 PTB 几率增加相关。鉴于 GLY 的广泛​​使用、AMPA 的多种潜在来源以及 AMPA 在环境中的持久性，以及对早产儿健康产生长期不良影响的可能性，有必要在其他人群中进行进一步研究。 https://doi.org/10.1289/EHP7295