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Assessing Children’s Lead Exposure in an Active Mining Community Using the Integrated Exposure Uptake Biokinetic Model
Exposure and Health ( IF 4.5 ) Pub Date : 2021-05-19 , DOI: 10.1007/s12403-021-00400-0
Dominika Heusinkveld 1 , Mónica D Ramirez-Andreotta 1, 2 , Tania Rodríguez-Chávez 3 , A Eduardo Sáez 3 , Eric Betterton 4 , Kyle Rine 3
Affiliation  

Lead exposure has been shown to be harmful to humans in various settings and there are no safe levels of blood lead in children. At an Alternative Superfund site in Hayden-Winkelman, Arizona, with an active copper smelter and concentrator, lead exceedances in air and soil have been measured in the past 20 years. In this work, the US Environmental Protection Agency’s Integrated Exposure Uptake Biokinetic (IEUBK) model was used to estimate Hayden-Winkelman children’s (age 6 months–7 years) blood lead levels (BLLs) using site-specific lead concentrations measured in indoor and outdoor air, soil, indoor dust, and drinking water. Values used by a state agency’s airborne lead risk forecast program were also evaluated to determine whether their forecasting program is useful in protecting children’s public health. Using site-specific values in the model, the results demonstrated that lead ingested via indoor dust was the major contributor to children’s BLLs. In addition, the output of the IEUBK model overestimated actual BLLs of children sampled in the community. The IEUBK model was particularly sensitive to high indoor dust levels, and these site-specific measures increased modeled BLL values. This finding is of significance as the IEUBK model is used worldwide in communities with industrial contamination. This study confirmed that the chief contributor to lead exposure in children is household dust. Thus, for lead exposure risk reduction, agencies working at Superfund sites should focus efforts on decontaminating outdoor soil and dust and indoor lead decontamination.



中文翻译:

使用综合暴露摄取生物动力学模型评估活跃采矿社区中儿童的铅暴露

铅暴露已被证明在各种环境中对人类有害,并且儿童的血铅含量没有安全水平。在亚利桑那州 Hayden-Winkelman 的一个 Alternative Superfund 站点,该站点有一个活跃的铜冶炼厂和选矿厂,在过去 20 年中测量了空气和土壤中的铅超标。在这项工作中,美国环境保护署的综合暴露摄取生物动力学 (IEUBK) 模型用于使用在室内和室外测量的特定地点铅浓度来估计 Hayden-Winkelman 儿童(6 个月至 7 岁)的血铅水平 (BLL)空气、土壤、室内灰尘和饮用水。还评估了州机构的空气铅风险预测计划使用的值,以确定他们的预测计划是否有助于保护儿童的公共健康。在模型中使用特定于站点的值,结果表明,通过室内灰尘摄入的铅是儿童 BLL 的主要原因。此外,IEUBK 模型的输出高估了社区中抽样儿童的实际 BLL。IEUBK 模型对高室内灰尘水平特别敏感,这些针对特定地点的措施增加了模拟的 BLL 值。这一发现具有重要意义,因为 IEUBK 模型在全球范围内用于工业污染社区。这项研究证实,儿童铅暴露的主要原因是家庭灰尘。因此,为降低铅暴露风险,在 Superfund 工厂工作的机构应将重点放在室外土壤和灰尘的净化以及室内铅的净化上。IEUBK 模型的输出高估了社区中抽样儿童的实际 BLL。IEUBK 模型对高室内灰尘水平特别敏感,这些针对特定地点的措施增加了模拟的 BLL 值。这一发现具有重要意义,因为 IEUBK 模型在全球范围内用于工业污染社区。这项研究证实,儿童铅暴露的主要原因是家庭灰尘。因此,为降低铅暴露风险,在 Superfund 工厂工作的机构应将重点放在室外土壤和灰尘的净化以及室内铅的净化上。IEUBK 模型的输出高估了社区中抽样儿童的实际 BLL。IEUBK 模型对高室内灰尘水平特别敏感,这些针对特定地点的措施增加了模拟的 BLL 值。这一发现具有重要意义,因为 IEUBK 模型在全球范围内用于工业污染社区。这项研究证实,儿童铅暴露的主要原因是家庭灰尘。因此,为降低铅暴露风险,在 Superfund 工厂工作的机构应将重点放在室外土壤和灰尘的净化以及室内铅的净化上。这一发现具有重要意义,因为 IEUBK 模型在全球范围内用于工业污染社区。这项研究证实,儿童铅暴露的主要原因是家庭灰尘。因此,为降低铅暴露风险,在 Superfund 工厂工作的机构应将重点放在室外土壤和灰尘的净化以及室内铅的净化上。这一发现具有重要意义,因为 IEUBK 模型在全球范围内用于工业污染社区。这项研究证实,儿童铅暴露的主要原因是家庭灰尘。因此,为降低铅暴露风险,在 Superfund 工厂工作的机构应将重点放在室外土壤和灰尘的净化以及室内铅的净化上。

更新日期:2021-05-19
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