Coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) is the second pandemic of the twenty-first century, with over one-hundred million infections and over two million deaths to date. It is a novel strain from the Coronaviridae family, named Severe Acute Respiratory Distress Syndrome Coronavirus-2 (SARS-CoV-2); the 7th known member of the coronavirus family to cause disease in humans, notably following the Middle East Respiratory syndrome (MERS), and Severe Acute Respiratory Distress Syndrome (SARS). The most characteristic feature of this single-stranded RNA molecule includes the spike glycoprotein on its surface. Most patients with COVID-19, of which the elderly and immunocompromised are most at risk, complain of flu-like symptoms, including dry cough and headache. The most common complications include pneumonia, acute respiratory distress syndrome, septic shock, and cardiovascular manifestations. Transmission of SARS-CoV-2 is mainly via respiratory droplets, either directly from the air when an infected patient coughs or sneezes, or in the form of fomites on surfaces. Maintaining hand-hygiene, social distancing, and personal protective equipment (i.e., masks) remain the most effective precautions. Patient management includes supportive care and anticoagulative measures, with a focus on maintaining respiratory function. Therapy with dexamethasone, remdesivir, and tocilizumab appear to be most promising to date, with hydroxychloroquine, lopinavir, ritonavir, and interferons falling out of favour. Additionally, accelerated vaccination efforts have taken place internationally, with several promising vaccinations being mass deployed. In response to the COVID-19 pandemic, countries and stakeholders have taken varying precautions to combat and contain the spread of the virus and dampen its collateral economic damage. This review paper aims to synthesize the impact of the virus on a global, micro to macro scale.

中文翻译：

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COVID-19：打破全球健康危机

2019 年冠状病毒病 (COVID-19) 是二十一世纪的第二次大流行，迄今为止已有超过 1 亿人感染，超过 200 万人死亡。它是冠状病毒科的一种新毒株，命名为严重急性呼吸窘迫综合征冠状病毒-2 (SARS-CoV-2)；它是冠状病毒家族中第 7 个已知的导致人类疾病的成员，特别是继中东呼吸综合征 (MERS) 和严重急性呼吸窘迫综合征 (SARS) 之后。这种单链 RNA 分子最典型的特征包括其表面的刺突糖蛋白。大多数 COVID-19 患者（其中老年人和免疫功能低下者的风险最高）都会抱怨流感样症状，包括干咳和头痛。最常见的并发症包括肺炎、急性呼吸窘迫综合征、感染性休克和心血管表现。SARS-CoV-2 主要通过呼吸道飞沫传播，可能是感染患者咳嗽或打喷嚏时直接从空气中飞沫传播，也可能是通过表面污染物的形式传播。保持手部卫生、保持社交距离和使用个人防护装备（即口罩）仍然是最有效的预防措施。患者管理包括支持性护理和抗凝措施，重点是维持呼吸功能。迄今为止，地塞米松、瑞德西韦和托珠单抗的治疗似乎最有希望，而羟氯喹、洛匹那韦、利托那韦和干扰素则逐渐失宠。此外，国际上加快了疫苗接种工作，几种有希望的疫苗正在大规模部署。为了应对 COVID-19 大流行，各国和利益相关者采取了不同的预防措施来对抗和遏制病毒的传播，并减轻其附带的经济损失。这篇综述论文旨在综合该病毒对全球、微观到宏观的影响。