Introduction

Bullying victimization is detrimental to psychosocial wellbeing in adolescents. It is paramount that factors that mitigate the harmful effects of bullying victimization be identified. Time perspective may be a potential mechanism. Thus, we examined the moderating effect of time perspective on the associations between traditional and cyberbullying victimization (being bullied in person and on electronic media) and self-esteem in adolescents. Time perspective refers to feelings and thoughts about the past, present, and future. We examined time feelings (positive and negative feelings about the time periods), time frequency (frequency of thoughts about the time periods), and time relation (the perceived relationship among the time periods).

Methods

Two cross-sectional survey studies were conducted. Study 1 examined traditional bullying victimization in 721 American adolescents (M_age = 15.84, SD = 1.20; 57% female). Study 2 examined cyberbullying victimization in 190 American adolescents (M_age = 15.83, SD = 1.28; 59% female).

Results

Hierarchical linear regression analyses indicated that time perspective dimensions moderated the associations between high levels of traditional and cyberbullying victimization and self-esteem in adolescents who (a) had strong positive and weak negative feelings about the present and future (time feelings); (b) thought a little about the past (time frequency); or (c) perceived all time periods as interrelated (time relation).

Conclusions

Time perspective dimensions (feelings, frequency, and relation) moderated the associations between traditional and cyberbullying victimization and self-esteem in adolescents. Findings have implications for bullying victimization prevention efforts. Findings also demonstrate the multidimensional and multi-temporal qualities of time perspective.

中文翻译：

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被嘲讽中的时间：时间视角对青少年欺凌受害和自尊的调节作用

介绍

欺凌受害对青少年的社会心理健康有害。最重要的是确定减轻欺凌受害的有害影响的因素。时间透视可能是一种潜在的机制。因此，我们研究了时间视角对传统和网络欺凌受害（当面和在电子媒体上被欺负）与青少年自尊之间关联的调节作用。时间透视是指对过去、现在和未来的感受和想法。我们检查了时间感受（对时间段的正面和负面感受）、时间频率（对时间段的思考频率）和时间关系（对时间段之间的感知关系）。

方法

进行了两项横断面调查研究。研究 1 检查了 721 名美国青少年（M_年龄 = 15.84，SD  = 1.20；57% 为女性）的传统欺凌受害情况。研究 2 调查了 190 名美国青少年的网络欺凌受害情况（M_年龄 = 15.83，SD  = 1.28；59% 为女性）。

结果

分层线性回归分析表明，时间视角维度调节了青少年的高水平传统和网络欺凌受害与自尊之间的关联，他们 (a) 对现在和未来有强烈的积极和弱的消极情绪（时间感受）；(b) 稍微回想一下过去（时间频率）；或 (c) 将所有时间段视为相互关联（时间关系）。

结论

时间视角维度（感觉、频率和关系）调节了青少年传统和网络欺凌受害与自尊之间的关联。调查结果对欺凌受害预防工作有影响。调查结果还展示了时间视角的多维度和多时间特性。