Faeces from cows with different milk yield and non-lactating cows were applied to soil to investigate whether soil N₂O efflux is related to feeding-induced differences in faecal microbiome and abundances of nitrification and denitrification genes. Fungal 18S-rRNA gene abundance was the highest in the faeces of the non-lactating group. The 18S-rRNA/ergosterol ratio showed a strong positive correlation with the 18S-rRNA/fungal glucosamine ratio. The milk-yield groups did not affect the gene abundances of bacterial 16S rRNA, AOB amoA, nirS and nosZ clade I, or the 16S-rRNA/muramic acid (MurN) ratio. In contrast, nirK gene abundance was generally the lowest in the high-yield group. The 16S-rRNA/MurN ratio showed a strong positive correlation with the 16S-rRNA/bacterial PLFA ratio. Cow faeces application to soil increased microbial biomass and ergosterol contents as well as the gene abundances of 18S-rRNA and nosZ clade I, compared with the non-amended control soil. Cumulative ΣCO₂ efflux was roughly twice as high as the control, without differences between the faeces treatments. Cumulative ΣN₂O efflux showed a 16-fold increase after applying high-yield cow faeces to soil, which was above the sevenfold increase in the non-lactating faeces treatment. The ΣN₂O efflux from soil was positively related to faecal MurN and total PLFA concentration but also to soil nirK at day 14. The comparison of genome markers with cell wall (glucosamine) and cell membrane components (ergosterol) showed that the fungal cells were much larger in energy-rich faeces than in C-limited soil. A cow diet reduced in protein decreased the ΣN₂O efflux from faeces amended soil.

将具有不同产奶量的母牛和非泌乳母牛的粪便应用于土壤，以调查土壤N ₂ O外流是否与饲料诱导的粪便微生物组差异以及硝化和反硝化基因丰度有关。在非泌乳组的粪便中，真菌18S-rRNA基因的丰度最高。18S-rRNA /麦角固醇比值与18S-rRNA /真菌葡糖胺比值显示出很强的正相关性。产奶量组不影响细菌16S rRNA，AOB amoA，nirS和nos Z进化枝I的基因丰度，也不影响16S-rRNA /山梨酸（MurN）的比例。相比之下，nir在高产组中，K基因丰度通常最低。16S-rRNA / MurN比值与16S-rRNA /细菌PLFA比值显示出很强的正相关性。与未改良的对照土壤相比，向土壤中施用牛粪增加了微生物的生物量和麦角固醇含量，以及18S-rRNA和nos Z进化枝I的基因丰度。累积ΣCO ₂流出是大约两倍一样高的控制，无需粪便处理之间的差异。累积ΣN ₂ ö流出表明施加高产奶牛粪便到土壤后16倍的增加，这是上面在非哺乳期粪便处理七倍增加。该ΣN ₂从土壤中流出的O与粪便MurN和总PLFA浓度呈正相关，但与土壤nirK呈正相关。基因组标志物与细胞壁（葡萄糖胺）和细胞膜成分（麦角固醇）的比较表明，真菌细胞的体积要大得多。能量丰富的粪便比限碳土壤中的粪便多。母牛饮食蛋白质减少ΣN降低₂ ö流出从粪便改良土。