Many insects metamorphose from antagonistic larvae into mutualistic adult pollinators, with reciprocal adaptation leading to specialized insect–plant associations. It remains unknown how such interactions are established at molecular level. Here we assemble high-quality genomes of a fig species, Ficus pumila var. pumila, and its specific pollinating wasp, Wiebesia pumilae. We combine multi-omics with validation experiments to reveal molecular mechanisms underlying this specialized interaction. In the plant, we identify the specific compound attracting pollinators and validate the function of several key genes regulating its biosynthesis. In the pollinator, we find a highly reduced number of odorant-binding protein genes and an odorant-binding protein mainly binding the attractant. During antagonistic interaction, we find similar chemical profiles and turnovers throughout the development of galled ovules and seeds, and a significant contraction of detoxification-related gene families in the pollinator. Our study identifies some key genes bridging coevolved mutualists, establishing expectations for more diffuse insect–pollinator systems.

许多昆虫从敌对的幼虫蜕变成互惠的成虫传粉者，相互适应导致专门的昆虫-植物结合。目前尚不清楚这种相互作用是如何在分子水平上建立起来的。在这里，我们组装了无花果物种Ficus pumila var的高质量基因组。pumila及其特定的授粉黄蜂Wiebesia pumilae. 我们将多组学与验证实验相结合，以揭示这种特殊相互作用背后的分子机制。在植物中，我们确定了吸引传粉媒介的特定化合物，并验证了调节其生物合成的几个关键基因的功能。在传粉者中，我们发现气味结合蛋白基因的数量大大减少，并且气味结合蛋白主要与引诱剂结合。在拮抗相互作用期间，我们发现在有毛胚珠和种子的整个发育过程中具有相似的化学特征和周转，以及传粉者中与解毒相关的基因家族的显着收缩。我们的研究确定了一些连接共同进化的互惠互利者的关键基因，建立了对更广泛的昆虫传粉者系统的期望。