Although Catholics were marginalized and strongly associated with Jacobitism under the early Hanoverians, the reign of George III saw a gradual assimilation of Catholics into mainstream political culture. The Vicars Apostolic of Great Britain played a key role in this process by emphasizing passivity and loyalty. The bishop who most strongly personified this Jacobite to loyalist transition was George Hay (1729-1811). A convert to Catholicism from the Scottish Episcopalian faith, Hay served the Jacobite Army as a medic in 1745 and was imprisoned following that conflict. After his conversion and subsequent ordination, Hay became coadjutor of the Lowland District of Scotland in 1769 and was promoted to the Apostolic Vicarate in 1778. Hay actively engaged with many high-profile statesmen and political thinkers, including Edmund Burke. Most notably, he constructively utilized Jacobite political theology to criticise revolutionary ideology. His public involvement in politics was most remarkable during the American and French Revolutions, when he confidently deployed the full force of counterrevolutionary doctrines that formerly alienated Catholics from the Hanoverian state. However, since the Age of Revolution presented a stark duality between monarchy and republicanism, Hay’s expressions of passive obedience and non-resistance endeared him and the Catholic Church to the British establishment.

中文翻译：

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从詹姆斯党到保皇党：乔治·海主教的职业和政治神学

尽管天主教徒在早期汉诺威时代被边缘化并与雅各主义密切相关，但在乔治三世统治时期，天主教徒逐渐被主流政治文化同化。大不列颠宗座代牧在此过程中发挥了关键作用，强调被动和忠诚。最强烈地体现雅各布派向忠诚者过渡的主教是乔治·海（George Hay）（1729-1811）。海伊从苏格兰圣公会信仰皈依天主教，于 1745 年作为军医在雅各布派军队服役，并在那次冲突后被监禁。在皈依和随后的任命后，海伊于 1769 年成为苏格兰低地地区的助理，并于 1778 年晋升为使徒代牧区。海伊积极与包括埃德蒙·伯克在内的许多知名政治家和政治思想家接触。最为显着地，他建设性地利用雅各派政治神学批评革命意识形态。在美国和法国大革命期间，他对政治的公开参与最为显着，当时他自信地运用了以前使天主教徒与汉诺威州疏远的反革命学说的全部力量。然而，由于革命时代呈现出君主制和共和主义之间的鲜明二元性，海伊的被动服从和不抵抗的表达使他和天主教会受到英国建制派的喜爱。当他自信地部署了以前使天主教徒与汉诺威州疏远的反革命学说的全部力量时。然而，由于革命时代呈现出君主制和共和主义之间的鲜明二元性，海伊的被动服从和不抵抗的表达使他和天主教会受到英国建制派的喜爱。当他自信地部署了以前使天主教徒与汉诺威州疏远的反革命学说的全部力量时。然而，由于革命时代呈现出君主制和共和主义之间的鲜明二元性，海伊的被动服从和不抵抗的表达使他和天主教会受到英国建制派的喜爱。