As proposed by Saka (2019), plasma injections arising out of the auroral ionosphere (ionospheric injection) are a characteristic process of the polar ionosphere at substorm onset. The ionospheric injection is triggered by westward electric fields transmitted from the convection surge in the magnetosphere at field line dipolarization. Localized westward electric fields result in local accumulation of ionospheric electrons and ions, which produce local electrostatic potentials in the auroral ionosphere. Field-aligned electric fields are developed to extract excess charges from the ionosphere. This process is essential to the equipotential equilibrium of the auroral ionosphere. Cold electrons and ions that evaporate from the auroral ionosphere by ionospheric injection tend to generate electrostatic parallel potential below an altitude of 10 000 km. This is a result of charge separation along the mirror fields introduced by the evaporated electrons and ions moving earthward in phase space.

中文翻译：

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电离层对空间天气的控制

正如Saka（2019）提出的那样，从极光电离层产生的等离子体注入（电离层注入）是亚暴爆发时极地电离层的特征过程。电离层注入是由在磁力线对极极化时从磁层对流浪涌传输的向西电场触发的。局部向西的电场导致电离层电子和离子的局部积累，从而在极光电离层中产生局部静电势。开发了场定向电场以从电离层中提取多余的电荷。这个过程对于极光电离层的等电位平衡至关重要。通过电离层注入从极光电离层蒸发的冷电子和离子在低于10000 km的高度时倾向于产生静电平行电势。