Forests in eastern North America are experiencing high densities of white-tailed deer (Odocoileus virginianus) and encroachment by invasive plants, both of which threaten native biodiversity. We review the literature on deer and invasive plant impacts focusing on studies that simultaneously evaluate the consequences of both. Deer have more frequent and more consistently negative effects than invasive plants. Widespread deer impacts now threaten many native plant species through much of their range. In contrast, invasive plant effects currently remain more localized and/or of smaller extent within forests. Deer impacts are also cumulative, hitting preferred plant species especially hard as they decline in density. This generates difficult-to-reverse legacy effects. Invasive plant effects, in contrast, tend to be more diffuse and may be more readily reversed. High deer populations also shift physical and chemical conditions in soils promoting “invasion cascades” involving non-native earthworms and certain introduced plants. Removing invasive plants without reducing deer populations can increase deer impacts on native species. Management should be integrated to address both deer and invasive plants. To safeguard and restore native biota when resources are limited, however, it may be most effective for managers to first reduce deer populations before investing in efforts to reduce invasive populations (except when invasions are at an early stage). We should rethink and reform traditional approaches to managing deer so that we can better integrate land vegetation with wildlife management to achieve broad public objectives. Interacting effects of high ungulate populations and invasive plants deserve further study to determine whether similar recommendations apply to other regions.

北美东部的森林正经历着高密度的白尾鹿（Odocoileus virginianus）和外来入侵植物的入侵，这两者都威胁着本地生物多样性。我们回顾了有关鹿和入侵植物影响的文献，重点研究了同时评估二者后果的研究。与入侵植物相比，鹿具有更频繁，更一致的负面影响。现在，广泛影响的鹿在其大部分范围内威胁着许多本地植物物种。相反，侵入性植物效应目前在森林中仍然更局限和/或程度更小。鹿的影响也是累积性的，当密度降低时，对首选的植物物种的打击尤其严重。这会产生难以逆转的遗留效应。相比之下，入侵性植物效应往往会更加扩散，并且可能更容易逆转。高鹿种群还改变了土壤的物理和化学条件，从而促进了涉及非本地earth和某些引进植物的“入侵级联”。在不减少鹿种群的情况下移走外来入侵植物会增加鹿对当地物种的影响。应对管理进行整合，以应对鹿和入侵植物。但是，在资源有限的情况下，为了保护和恢复原生生物区系，对于管理人员而言，在投资减少入侵种群的努力之前首先减少鹿种群可能是最有效的方法（除非入侵处于早期阶段）。我们应该重新考虑和改革传统的鹿管理方法，以便更好地将土地植被与野生动植物管理结合起来，以实现广泛的公共目标。