The prevalence and severity of dermatological conditions such as atopic dermatitis have increased dramatically during recent decades. Many of the factors associated with an altered risk of developing inflammatory skin disorders have also been shown to alter the composition and diversity of non-pathogenic microbial communities that inhabit the human host. While the most densely microbial populated organ is the gut, culture and non-culture-based technologies have revealed a dynamic community of bacteria, fungi, viruses and mites that exist on healthy human skin, which change during disease. In this review, we highlight some of the recent findings on the mechanisms through which microbes interact with each other on the skin and the signalling systems that mediate communication between the immune system and skin-associated microbes. In addition, we summarize the ongoing clinical studies that are targeting the microbiome in patients with skin disorders. While significant efforts are still required to decipher the mechanisms underpinning host-microbe communication relevant to skin health, it is likely that disease-related microbial communities, or Dermatypes, will help identify personalized treatments and appropriate microbial reconstitution strategies.

近几十年来，特应性皮炎等皮肤病的患病率和严重程度急剧增加。许多与发生炎症性皮肤病的风险改变相关的因素也被证明可以改变人类宿主中非致病性微生物群落的组成和多样性。虽然微生物最密集的器官是肠道，但基于培养和非培养的技术揭示了健康人类皮肤上存在的细菌、真菌、病毒和螨虫的动态群落，这些群落在疾病期间会发生变化。在这篇综述中，我们重点介绍了关于微生物在皮肤上相互作用的机制以及介导免疫系统和皮肤相关微生物之间通讯的信号系统的一些最新发现。此外，我们总结了正在进行的针对皮肤病患者微生物群的临床研究。虽然仍需要付出巨大努力来破译与皮肤健康相关的宿主-微生物通讯的机制，但与疾病相关的微生物群落或皮肤类型可能有助于确定个性化治疗和适当的微生物重建策略。