At the height of the Spanish economic crisis that began in 2008, tens of thousands of Spanish migrants and Peruvian return migrants moved to Peru following openings in an unprecedentedly promising Peruvian job market. Tensions ensued; colonial history came to be more actively discussed by locals as the number of Spanish businesses increased. This article shows that extant notions of “local” and “foreign” emerge from sets of complex characterological figures defined by sign-clusters that index “Peruvianness” and “Spaniardness,” developed to uphold middle-class speech practices as quintessentially Peruvian. Three features are explored: excessive volume, the presence of the phoneme /θ/ in speech, and the perceived excessive use of expletives. Enregistering these features as “foreign,” middle class, nonmigrant Limeños sought to match their actualized upward mobility within the space of the city to the world stage, but in doing so, they ironically repurposed colonial forms of respectability to criticize the behaviors of Spanish migrants and return migrants who they found to be tainted by Spaniardness. This case demonstrates that while the specific colonial aspirational horizon (i.e., directly copying the metropole) may be gone, its ethos remains moored to nationalized ideologies of propriety, respectability, and class distinction.

中文翻译：

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声名狼藉的西班牙人与中产阶级 Limeños：秘鲁利马的语言殖民地

在 2008 年开始的西班牙经济危机最严重的时候，数以万计的西班牙移民和秘鲁返回的移民在前所未有的充满希望的秘鲁就业市场开放后移居秘鲁。紧张局势随之而来；随着西班牙企业数量的增加，当地人开始更加积极地讨论殖民历史。这篇文章表明，现存的“本地”和“外国”概念来自于由符号群定义的复杂特征人物集，这些符号群包含“秘鲁人”和“西班牙人”的索引，旨在支持中产阶级的典型秘鲁人的言论实践。探索了三个特征：音量过大、语音中音素 /θ/ 的存在以及感知到的过度使用咒骂。将这些特征注册为“外国”、中产阶级、非移民Limeños试图将他们在城市空间内实现的向上流动与世界舞台相匹配，但在这样做的过程中，他们讽刺地重新利用了殖民形式的体面，来批评西班牙移民和返回移民的行为，他们发现他们被西班牙人玷污了。这个案例表明，虽然特定的殖民理想地平线（即直接复制大都市）可能已经消失，但其精神仍然依赖于礼节、体面和阶级区分的国有化意识形态。